Italian Unification

1
Italian Unification

• Lets pull this boot together!

2
Italian Unification

• Napoleon unified the various Italian states for
  the first time since the Roman Empire.
• After the Congress of Vienna Romantic
  nationalists developed secret societies in order
  to promote Italian unification. They were called
  CARBONARI charcoal burners.

3

• The leader of the Romantic republican nationalism
  was GUISEPPI MAZZINI 1805-1872. He is now
  referred to as the Heart of Italian
  Unification.
• In 1831 he founded YOUNG ITALY in order to
  drive the Austrians from Italy.

4

• Mazzini

5

• Mazzinis romantic nationalism mat be seen in his
  quote
• Nationality is the role assigned by God to a
  people in the work of humanity. It is its
  missions, its task on earth, to the end that
  Gods thought may be realized in the world.
• Mazzini wanted nationalism and republicanism

6

• In the 1830s and 1840s, Mazzini and fellow
  republican nationalist GUISEPPE GARIBALDI led
  revolts RISORGIMENTO - that ended with the
  Roman Republic of 1849. When the Roman Republic
  fell both traveled the world promoting Italian
  unification.

7

• Garibaldi

8

• Republican nationalism was not embraced by most
  of the moderate Italian liberals who thought
  unification should be combined with a monarchy.
• They looked to the papacy for support but after
  the 1849 Roman Republic - Pius IX wanted nothing
  to do with any form of liberalism.

9
Piedmont-the Kingdom of Sardinia the House of
Savoy

• The Kingdom of Sardinia which controlled the
  island of Sardinia and lands between modern Italy
  and France had been asserting its influence by
  attacking Austria in 1848 and 1849.
• In 1852, King Victor Emmanuel II selected COUNT
  CAMILLO CAVOUR as prime minister. Cavour had one
  ambition to unite Italy under the monarchy of
  the Kingdom of Sardinia.

10
(No Transcript)
11

• Victor Emmanuel II

12

• Cavour

13

• Cavour led those Italians who favored unification
  but who did not want a republican form of
  government.
• In 1855, Sardinia joined France and Great Britain
  in the Crimean War against Russia.
• WHY? Sardinia and Cavour wanted to gain the
  support of the French in their aim of unification
  because they would need to confront Austria to
  do so.

14

• July 1858 on a carriage ride Cavour and
  Napoleon III devise a plan that would force
  Austria into a war with Sardinia.
• France would come to the aid of Sardinia
• Austria (hopefully) would be defeated
• France would gain the Piedmont lands of Savoy and
  Nice.

15

• 1859 Sardinia mobilized its armies along its
  border with Austrian holdings.
• Austria issued an ultimatum demanding that
  Piedmont stand down.
• War broke out with France and Sardinia against
  Austria.
• Napoleon III pulled a fast one and negotiated a
  separate peace with Austria a few weeks after the
  war started.

16

• Sardinia received only a partial victory because
  of the French pull out.
• Sardinia received LOMBARDY but Austria
  maintained VENETIA
• At the same time the Italian states of Parma,
  Tuscany, Modena, and Romagna experienced
  revolutions. The four states voted to unify with
  Sardinia.

17

• May 1860 Giuseppe Garibaldi landed in Sicily with
  1,000 troops. The RED SHIRTS as they were known
  soon conquered the Kingdom of the Two
  Sicilies/Kingdom of Naples
• Cavour feared that Garibaldis success would mean
  a republican form of government.

18

• Garibaldi
• Red Shirts

19
(No Transcript)
20

• Cavour sent Piedmontese troops south to stop
  Garibaldi
• The Piedmontese troops conquered the Papal States
  - except for the area directly around Rome that
  the pope controlled thanks to French troops.
• Garibaldi chose nationalism over republicanism
  and accepted Sardinian domination.

21

• March 1861 Victor Emmanuel II proclaimed king
  of Italy (Venetia and Rome not included)
• There were vast differences between northern and
  southern Italy. It proved difficult to truly
  unify the people into one culture.
• To insure political support the Sardinians used
  transformismo transforming political opponents
  into supporters through bribes and favors.
  Italian politics became infamous for corruption.

22

• 1866 Austro-Prussian War for support against
  Austria Italy received VENETIA when Prussia
  defeated Austria in 1866
• Franco-Prussian War 1870 Napoleon III needed to
  recall the French troops that supported the pope.
  With the French troops gone Italian forces
  walked into Rome and proclaimed sovereignty. The
  papacy entered a period of hostility toward the
  Italian government that lasted until 1929.

23

• 1870 All of the Italian peninsula was united
  under Victor Emmanuel II.
• Two small territories remained under the control
  of Austria TRIESTE and TRENT. They were called
  Italia Irredenta unredeemed Italy.
• Anger over Trieste and Trent helped push Italy
  into World War I against Austria.