The Kingdom Animalia

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The Kingdom Animalia

• The movers and shakers
• Part I Introduction to animals and the phyla
  Porifera and Cnidaria.

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What are animals?

• Animials are multicellular, eukaryotic
  heterotrophs.
• Animals are very responsive to their environment.
• All animals are capable of locomotion at some
  point in their lifecycle.

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How do they move?

• All animals, at least during some point in their
  lifecycle possess contractile fibers.
• In higher animals, these contractile fibers are
  called muscles.
• All muscles are capable of doing is shortening
  and then relaxing.

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The phyla of the Kingdom Animalia

• There are nine phyla in the Kingdom Animalia.
• Each phyla contains animals which share many
  characteristics with each other.
• 8 of the phyla are considered invertebrates (this
  means that a they lack a backbone.
• The 9th phylum are animals with a backbone.

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The nine phyla of Kingdom Animalia

• 1. Porifera
• 2. Cnidaria
• 3. Platyhelminthes
• 4. Nematoda
• 5. Annelida
• 6. Arthropoda
• 7. Mollusca
• 8. Echinodermata
• 9. Chordata

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Phylum Porifera

• Members of this phylum are commonly referred to
  as the sponges.
• Over 5,000 species, mostly marine but some live
  in fresh water.
• The very simplest of animals.
• As adults they are sessile, asymetrical
  filter-feeders

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I thought all animals moved?

• Adult sponges dont move, but as larvae they do.
• The larvae can swim around.
• Eventually they attach themselves to the ocean
  bottom and metamorphose into their adult form.

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Reproduction

• Sponges are capable of sexual and asexual
  reproduction.
• In sexual reproduction a sperm cells swims to an
  egg cell and produces a motile larvae.
• Sponges can also reproduce by budding, when a
  piece of a sponge breaks off and skips the larval
  stage all together.

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Cell layers

• Sponges only have two layers of cells (germ
  layers).
• Food is taken in by each individual cell.
• This limitation puts a size restraint on a sponge.

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Feeding in Porifera

• Porifera feed by pumping water through its body
  and filtering out nutrients.
• The water is pumped by means of flagella which
  line the interior of the sponge.
• Oxygen is absorbed and wastes excreted during
  this process.

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Phylum Cnidaria

• The second phylum are represented by such animals
  as Jellyfish and corals.

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The Cnidarians

• Over 9,000 species, all of them are aquatic.
• Jellyfish are found in all of the worlds seas
  from the equator to the poles.
• Corals live in warm shallow waters only.
• Sea anenomies are marine predators which have
  stings like jellyfish.
• Hydra are small fresh water cnidarians.

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Cnidarian body plan

• Cnidarians display radial symmetry.
• They have a central mouth surrounded by numerous
  tentacles that extend outward from the body.
• The simple digestive cavity is a two-way tract.
• Any materials which cannot be digested are passed
  out of the body through the mouth.

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Jellyfish stings

• A characteristic of jellyfish that allows them to
  subdue and kill their prey are called
  nematocysts.
• Each nematocyst contains a small vesicle filled
  with toxins, an inner filament and an external
  sensory hair.
• When the hair is touched, it mechanically
  triggers the cell explosion, a harpoon-like
  structure which attaches to organisms that
  trigger it, and injects a dose of poison in the
  flesh of the aggressor or prey

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Dangerous Jellies

• While most jellyfish stings are painful, only a
  few are considered life-threatening.
• Box Jellies and Irukanji, both found in
  Austrailian waters are the most dangerous.
• http//video.google.com/videosearch?clientsafari
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Jellyfish types

• There are several different families of
  Jellyfish.
• Some, like the portugese man-o-war do not swim,
  but float by means of a bladder that acts like a
  sail.
• Other jellyfish actively swim through the oceans.

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Corals

• Corals reproduce sexually as both sperm and eggs
  are released into the surrounding water.
• Larval corals are free swimming organisms.
• They attach themselves to rock on the ocean
  bottom and metamorphose into adults.

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Marine ecosystems

• Corals play a very important role in maintaining
  biodiversity.
• Coral reefs support some of the most diverse
  communities of plants and animals on earth.
• Rising water temperatures have a negative impact
  on coral reefs.