Kingdom Animalia

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Kingdom Animalia
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Animals are

• Multicellular
• Eukaryotic
• Heterotrophic
• Cells lack cell walls

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Characteristics

• Have a nervous system to respond to their
  environment - sensory
• Locomotion relates to ability to obtain food
• Most animals develop from a zygote becoming an
  embryo.
• A single layer of cells surrounding a
  fluid-filled space forming a hollow ball of cells
  called a gastrula.

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Body Plans

• Animals that are irregular in shape are
  asymmetrical.
• Animals that are regular in shape are
  symmetrical.

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Body Plans

• An animal has radial symmetry if it can be
  divided along any plane, through a central axis,
  into equal halves.
• An animal has bilateral symmetry if it can be
  divided down its length into similar right and
  left halves forming mirror images of each other.

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Which figure has bilateral symmetry? Which has
radial symmetry?
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Protection and Support

• Though not all animals have a skeleton, those
  that do can be divided into two groups
• Those with an exoskeleton a hard, waxy coating
  on the outside of the body that protects internal
  organs, provides a framework for support, and a
  place for muscle attachment.
• Pros? Cons?
• Those with an endoskeleton support framework
  within the body that protects some organs and a
  brace for muscles to pull against.
• Pros? Cons?

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Major Phyla

• Porifera Sponges
• Cnidaria Corals and Jellyfish
• Platyhelminthes Flatworms
• Nematoda Roundworms
• Mollusca Clams and Octopus
• Annelida Earthworms
• Arthropoda Insects, Spiders, and Crabs
• Echinodermata Starfish and Sea Urchins
• Chordata Vertebrates including Mammals

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Invertebrates

• 8 main phyla
• No backbones
• 95 of all animals are in this group

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Invertebrate Phylum Porifera

• Sponges
• simplest form of animal life
• live in water
• Do not move around
• no symmetry
• Pores (holes) all over body
• 5000 species

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Porifera

• Simple animals
• Live anchored to a rock or the ocean bottom
• Marine or freshwater
• Filter-feeders
• Lack tissues or organ system

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Invertebrate Phylum Porifera

• Filter Feeders a sponge filters particles of
  food from water using collar cells and then pumps
  the water out the osculum.

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Invertebrate Phylum Porifera

• Examples Tube Sponge, Glass Sponge, Sea Sponge

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Invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria

• Live in water
• Most have tentacles
• catch food with stinging cells
• gut for digesting

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Cnidaria

• Named for their stinging cells
• Marine or freshwater
• Carnivorous
• Radial symmetry
• Hydrostatic Skeleton
• Jellyfish, hydra, obelia, Portuguese man-of war,
  sea anemone, and corals

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Invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria

• 2 different shapes
• Medusa - like a jellyfish
• Polyp - like a hydra

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Invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria

• Examples - Jellyfish, Hydra, sea anemones, and
  corals

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Invertebrate Phylum Platyhelminthes

• Flatworms
• Flat, ribbon-like body
• Live in water or are parasites
• bilateral symmetry

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Platyhelminthes

• Flattened bodies
• Lack an anus
• Bilateral symmetry
• Simplest animals to exhibit cephalization
• Flatworms, flukes, and tapeworms

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Invertebrate Phylum Platyhelminthes

• Examples Planaria
• eyespots detect light
• food and waste go in and out the same opening

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Invertebrate Phylum Platyhelminthes

• Examples Tapeworm
• Parasite that lives in intestines of host
  absorbing food

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Invertebrate Phylum Platyhelminthes

• Examples Fluke
• parasite
• lives inside
• of host

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Invertebrate Phylum Nematoda

• Roundworms
• Round, tubular body
• small or microscopic
• bilateral symmetry
• have both a mouth and anus
• Live in water or are parasites

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Nematoda

• Free living in soil or water with many parasitic
  forms
• Bilateral symmetry
• Most have a digestive tract with two openings
• Hookworms, pinworms, ascaris, and trichinosis worm

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Invertebrate Phylum Nematoda

• Examples
• Hookworm
• Trichinella

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Invertebrate Phylum Annelida

• Segmented worms
• Body divided into segments(sections)
• Live in water or underground
• have a nervous and circulatory system

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Annelida

• Segmented worms
• Setae for locomotion
• Bilateral symmetry
• Closed circulatory system
• Clamworms, earthworms, leeches

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Invertebrate Phylum Annelida

• Class Earthworms
• eat soil and breakdown
  organic matter, wastes provide nutrients to soil

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Invertebrate Phylum Annelida

• Class bristleworms

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Invertebrate Phylum Annelida

• Class leeches
• parasites that feed on blood of other animals

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Invertebrate Phylum Mollusca

• Soft bodies
• Hard Shells
• Live on land or in water
• have a circulatory system and a complex nervous
  system.
• Important food source for humans

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Mollusca

• Soft bodied organisms often covered with a
  calcareous shell
• Bilateral symmetry
• Most have a ventral muscular foot for locomotion
• Chitons, snails, limpets, clams, octopus, and
  squid

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Invertebrate Phylum Mollusca

• Class Gastropoda
• snails and slugs
• may have 1 shell
• stomach-footed - move on stomach

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Invertebrate Phylum Mollusca

• Class Bivalves
• 2 shells hinged together
• clams, oysters,
• scallops and mussels

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Invertebrate Phylum Mollusca

• Class Cephalopods
• squids and octopuses
• internal mantel

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Invertebrate Phylum Echinodermata

• Hard, spiny skin
• Live in salt water
• Radial symmetry
• name means spiney skinned
• endoskeleton

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Echinodermata

• Radial symmetry
• Calcareous plates often with external spines
• Water vascular system with tube feet for
  locomotion
• Sea lilies, starfish, brittle stars, sea urchins,
  sand dollars, and sea cucumbers

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Invertebrate Phylum Echinodermata

• Examples seastar, sea urchin, sand dollar and
  sea cucumber

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Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda

• Body divided into sections/segments
• Exoskeleton
• Jointed legs
• well developed nervous system
• largest group of organisms on earth

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Arthropoda

• Body is composed of a head, thorax, and abdomen
  with three or more pairs of joined legs
• Chitinous exoskeleton
• Molt
• Bilateral symmetry
• Shrimp, crabs, barnacles, insects, centipedes,
  millipedes, spiders, ticks, horseshoe crabs, and
  crayfish

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Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda

• 3 subphylums
• Classified into classes according to the number
  of legs, eyes and antennae they have.

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Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda

• Subphylum Chilicerata
• is divided into 3 classes
• Arachnida spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites
• Merostomata horseshoe crabs
• Pycnogonida sea spiders

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Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum
Chilicerata

• Class Arachnida
• no antennae
• 4 pairs of legs
• 2 body regions - cephalothorax abdomen
• spiders, scorpions, mites ticks

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Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum
Chilicerata

• Class Merostomata
• Horseshoe crabs
• Ancient group of species
• Changed little over 350 million years
• Aquatic, mostly found on Atlantic gulf coasts
  of United States.

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Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum
Chilicerata

• Class Pycnogonida
• Sea spider

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Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum -
Crustacea

• 5 Classes
• Aquatic ones have gills
• 2 antennae
• 2 body regions or segmented
• Shrimp, lobsters, crabs, barnacles, isopods
• Many species taste delicious in butter

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• Subphylum Uniramia 3 classes
• Class Insecta (insects)
• Class Chilopoda (Centipedes)
• Class Diplopoda (Millipedes)

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Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum
Uniramia

• Class Insecta
• no antennae
• 3 pairs of legs
• 2 body regions - head, thorax abdomen
• grasshoppers, ants, butterflies, bees

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Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum
Uniramia

• Class Diplopoda
• Millipedes
• segmented animals
• Have 2 pairs of legs per segment
• Primarily herbivores decomposers

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Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum
Uniramia

• Class Chiopoda
• Centipedes Usually terrestrial carnivores
• Have 1 pair of antennae
• Are often poisonous, using modified front claws
  to immobilize prey

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Phylum Chordata subphylum Vertebrata

• 5 classes
• Fish
• Mammals
• Reptiles
• Amphibians
• Birds

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Chordata

• Notocord for support of the body at some stage of
  development
• Dorsal, tubular nerve cord
• Tunicate, lancelets, and vertebrates

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Chordata Class Osteichthyes

• Bony fishes
• Specialized structures and behaviors to maintain
  homeostasis with regard to water balance
• Some have swim bladders

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Chordata Class Amphibia

• Amphibians
• Most live in water as a larva and on land as an
  adult
• Moist skin
• Ectotherms
• Frogs, toads, salamanders, and caecilians

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Chordata Class Reptilia

• Reptiles
• Dry, scaly skin
• Terrestrial eggs
• Ectotherms
• Lizards, snakes, crocodilians, turtles,
  tortoises, and tuatara

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Chordata Class Aves

• Birds
• Endotherms
• Outer covering of feathers
• Two legs with scales
• Modified front limbs (wings)
• Eagle, cardinal, penguin, duck, etc.

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Chordata Class Mammalia

• Mammals
• Produce milk in mammary glands to feed their
  young
• Breathe air
• Four-chambered heart
• Endotherms
• Duck billed platypus, marsupials, cows, dogs,
  humans, etc.