Kingdom Animalia

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Kingdom Animalia

• The animals

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• The animal kingdom goes from the most basic
  creatures that have no true tissues, digestive
  cavity, brain, organs or backbone to the most
  advanced us who have all of these things.

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Features of Animals

• Eukaryote (cell with nucleus/organelles)
• Heterotrophic
• Multi-cellular
• Movement that allows feeding, reproduction, and
  protection
• Specialized cells for specific functions (nerve
  cells, blood cells, sex cells)
• No cell walls

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Body Plans in Animals Asymmetry

• No balance in proportions. Sponges are the only
  asymmetrical organisms.

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Symmetry Balance in proportions

• Radial can be divided along any plane into
  equal halves.
• Bilateral can be divided into left and right
  halves

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Cell Layers in Animals

• Bilaterally symmetrical animals have three cell
  layers in their body
• Endoderm (inner layer)
• mesoderm (middle layer)
• ectoderm (outer layer).
• Simpler animals lack the mesoderm

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Body Cavities in Animals

• Body cavities fluid filled space
• Cavities allow animals to grow and have organs.
• Acoelomate (ay see lum ate)
• animals with 3 cell layers but no cavities
• Organs are embedded in solid tissues.

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• Pseudocoelom (swed uh see lum) fluid-filled
  cavity partly lined with mesoderm

• Coelom (see lum) fluid-filled cavity completely
  lined with mesoderm. Most advanced plan.

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Skeleton

• Protects organs and soft tissues.
• Provides support for muscles.
• Two types of skeletons

• Endoskeleton
• Exoskeleton

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Endoskeleton

• Internal skeleton.
• Mammals, amphibians, birds, fish.

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Exoskeleton

• Hard, waxy covering outside of the body.
• Prevents water loss
• Protection from predators.
• Insects, crustaceans.

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Support

• Invertebrate no backbone. Common in
  exoskeletons
• Vertebrate has a backbone. Birds,
  reptiles/amphibians, fish, mammals.

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Circulatory System

• Some organisms have a closed circulatory system
  where the blood stays in the vessels. Others have
  an open circulatory system where the blood moves
  from vessels into open cavities for gas exchange.
• Organisms can have a two, three or four chambered
  heart, or no heart at all.

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Reproduction in Animals

• Sexual reproduction male (sperm) and female
  (egg) produce zygote (baby)
• Asexual reproduction - budding, regeneration
• Hermaphrodites have both male and female sex
  parts (earthworms). Can breed with any other
  individual.

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Budding

• New structure grows on the outside of a parent
• Pinches off when ready.
• Forms new individual identical to parent

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Fertilization

• One sperm with one egg will form a zygote

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Continuing to Develop

• In some animals, the juvenile looks like a
  smaller adult.
• In others, there is an immediate stage called a
  larvae. The larvae does not look like the adult,
  and is able to move freely.
• Sea Urchin larva
  Sea Urchin Adult

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Assignment

• Use clay to to create the following
• Budding
• Fertilization (sperm entering egg)
• Zygote
• Cleavage/embryo
• Blastula
• Gastrula with all three layers endoderm,
  mesoderm, ectoderm (each labeled)
• Acoelomate
• Pseudocoelomate
• Coelomate

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Assignment

• Create childrens book showing features of
  animals. Should include pages/chapters for the
  following characteristics eukaryote,
  heterotrophic, multicellular, specialized cells
  (draw some examples), cell layers, each of the
  three body cavity plans. Will let a middle school
  science class vote on best book.
  endo/exoskeletons, invertebrate/vertebrate.
• --100 all features listed/illustrated
  attractive
• -- 75 all features listed/most illustrated,
  neat
• -- 0 missing features, very sloppy

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End
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Excretion

• Nephridia are organs which get rid of waste by
  pumping it out of the body. Annelids and mollusks
  both have nephridia.

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• Protostomes In some animals, a mouth will
  develop from the opening in the grastrula.These
  are more primitive animals.
• Deuterostomes more advanced animals develop a
  mouth elsewhere.