Kingdom Animalia

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Kingdom Animalia

• Animals are
• Multicellular, with tissues and organ systems
  that perform specialized functions
• Eukaryotic, with no cell walls
• Heterotrophic
• Mobile at some point in their life-cycle

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Animal Groups

• Animals are placed into one of two informal
  groups for classification purposes
• Invertebrates- 95 of animal species are
  invertebrates, animals that do not have a
  backbone. Everything from insects to squid.
• Vertebrates- 5 of animals species, including
  mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.

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What Animals Do

• Eat Animals find and eat their food. They can be
  carnivorous, herbivorous, omnivorous (both) or
  parasitic. Animals can also be filter-feeders and
  detrivores (eat dead things.)
• Respiration Animals take in oxygen and breathe
  out carbon dioxide.
• Circulation Most animals have a circulatory
  system to move materials within their bodies.

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• Excretion Most animals have systems to get waste
  products like ammonia out of their bodies.
• Response Nervous systems within animals allow
  them to respond to events in their environment.
• Movement Most animals are motile, and have
  muscles that contract, allowing them to move.
• Reproduction Most reproduction is sexual with
  the fusion of haploid gametes, although asexual
  reproduction occurs in many invertebrates.

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Animal Development (p. 661)

• All reproduce sexually, some also reproduce
  asexually.
• All animal cells originally come from a zygote.
• The first cell divisions of the zygote are called
  cleavages.
• Several cleavages result in the production of a
  small, hollow ball of cells called a blastula
• As the cells continue to divide, they push into
  the interior
• The developing organism becomes a gastrula

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Development cont

• The gastrula has an opening called the blastopore
• Because each cleavage results in smaller and
  smaller cells, the gastrula is usually about the
  same size as the original zygote.
• During later development of the gastrula, the
  cells undergo differentiation.

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Protostome vs. Deuterosome

• Protostome mouth formed from blastopore
• Mostly invertebrates
• Deuterostome anus is formed from the blastopore
  and the mouth is formed second.
• Echinoderms all vertebrates

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Body Cavities

• Coelom lies between the digestive tract and the
  body wall
• Important because it provides space in which
  internal organs can be suspended
• Provide room for internal organs (growth)
• Some cavities have fluids that are involved in
  circulation, feeding excretion.

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Body Symmetry

• The bodies of most animals show some kind of
  symmetry
• Organisms that lack symmetry are called
  asymmetrical
• Types of symmetry are spherical symmetry,
  radial symmetry, and bilateral symmetry.

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Spatial Relationships of Bilateral Symmetry

• Front of an animal anterior
• Opposite of the head, or hind end posterior
• Underside ventral
• Opposite of the ventral surface (or back)
  dorsal
• Medial toward the midline
• Lateral away from the midline (sides)

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Cephalization

• Most animals with bilateral symmetry
• It is a concentration of sense organs and nerve
  cells at the front of the body.
• Allows animals to respond to stimuli in a more
  advanced way than simple animals

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• Phyla Chart for invertebrates
• Guided Reading Packet 26-1