KINGDOM ANIMALIA General Characteristics of Animals

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KINGDOM ANIMALIAGeneral Characteristics of
Animals
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Kingdom Animalia

• All animals are multicellular, eukaryotic
  heterotrophs
• Adult animals develop from embryos small masses
  of unspecialized cells
• Simple animals can regenerate or grow back
  missing parts
• Most animals ingest their food and then digest it
  in some kind of internal cavity.

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Animal Diversity

• Somewhere around 9 or 10 million species of
  animals inhabit the earth.
• About 800,000 species have been identified.

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Animal Phyla- Biologists recognize about 36
separate phyla within the Kingdom Animalia.
(Well study the 10 major ones!)
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Animal Movement

• Most animals are capable of complex and
  relatively rapid movement compared to plants and
  other organisms.
• Organisms that live rooted to one spot are
  sessile and those that move around are motile.
  Even the most sessile animals can move at least
  part of their bodies. This movement is dependent
  on how animals obtain food.

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Animal Reproduction

• Most animals reproduce sexually, by means of
  differentiated haploid cells
• (eggs and sperm)
• Most animals are diploid, meaning that the cells
  of adults contain two copies of the genetic
  material.

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Animal Sizes

• Animals range in size from no more than a few
  cells to organisms weighing many tons!

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Animal Habitats

• Most animals inhabit the seas, with fewer in
  fresh water and even fewer on land.

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Animal Cell Diagram
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Animal Bodies

• The bodies of most animals
• (all except sponges) are made up of cells
  organized into tissues.
• Each tissue is specialized to perform specific
  functions.
• In most animals, tissues are organized into even
  more specialized organs.
• Organs form organ systems. This is how an
  organism develops. These cells have to
  differentiate and become specialized in various
  ways.

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Animal Systems

• Skeletal- Support, protection- Bones, shells,
  cartilage
• Muscular- Movement Muscle tissue (smooth,
  striated, cardiac)
• Digestion- Digestion of food and absorption of
  nutrients-Mouth, stomach, intestine
• Circulatory- Distribution of nutrients and
  oxygen removal of wastes-Heart, blood vessels,
  blood
• Respiratory- Absorption of oxygen removal of
  CO2-Lungs, gills
• Excretory- Removal of wastes-Kidneys
• Nervous- Perception, control of movement, control
  and coordination of organ system
  activities-Brain, spinal cord, nerves
• Endocrine- Control and coordination of organ
  system activities-Glands
• Immune- Defense against disease-causing
  organisms-Blood cells, glands, skin
• Reproductive- Production of new
  organisms-Ovaries, testes

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Animal Symmetry

• The most primitive animals are asymmetrical.
• Cnidarians and echinoderms are radially
  symmetrical.
• Most animals are bilaterally symmetrical.

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Radial Symmetry

• Forms that can be divided into similar halves by
  more than two planes passing through it.
• Animals with radial symmetry are usually sessile,
  free-floating, or weakly swimming.

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Radially Symmetrical

• Like a wheel, animals with this spend most of
  their time floating like a buoy or attached to
  rocks.
• Differences between the dorsal and ventral
  surfaces allow jellyfish to float upright sea
  anemones grip rocks with their ventral surfaces
  and collect food with their specialized dorsal
  surfaces.
• Advantages Architects and engineers use
  radially symmetrical designs for structures such
  as fire hydrants and lighthouses so that the
  structures will be accessible or visible from any
  horizontal direction

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Bilateral Symmetry

• Animals with bilateral symmetery are most
  well-suited for directional movement.
• Anterior (front end), and posterior (rear) end
• The left and right sides of most animals are
  nearly mirror images.
• Advantages
• A. This body plan works well for animals, if a
  body part is damaged, the animal can rely on an
  identical part on its other side.
• B. This symmetry provides balance that aids
  movement.
• C. Anterior and dorsal defenses such as bones,
  shells, and horns protect delicate internal
  organs.

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Radial vs. Bilateral Symmetry
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Cephalization

• Bilateral Symmetry usually has led to
  cephalization
• the process by which sensory organs and
  appendages became localized in the head
  (anterior) end of animals.

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Evolutionary Trends

• If we analyze the basic body plans of animals, we
  find that they illustrate evolutionary trends.
• Four major advances (in order)
• Multicellular body plan
• Bilaterally symmetrical body plan
• Tube-within-a-tube body plan
• Coelomate body plan

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3 Major Bilateral Body Plans

• Acoelomates (A-SEE-LOW-MATES)
• Pseudocoelomates
• Coelomates
• Each plan consists of 3 cell layers endoderm,
  mesoderm, ectoderm

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Acoelomates

• These animals have no other cavity than the gut.
• They are often called the solid worms.

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Pseudocoelomates

• These animals have a body cavity (the
  pseudocoelom) which is not completely lined with
  mesoderm.
• The tube within a tube body plan.
• This category is also composed of mostly worms.

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Coelomates

• These animals have a true coelom lined with
  mesodermal peritoneum.
• Most animals are coelomate (EARTHWORM)

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KINGDOM ANIMALIA

• 10 PHYLA
• Porifera
• Cnidaria
• Rotifera
• Platyhelminthes
• Nematoda
• Annelida
• Mollusca
• Arthropoda
• Echinodermata
• 10. Chordata

Invertebrates
Vertebrates
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Phylum Porifera

• Sponges
• Very primitive, no true tissues
• Supported by spongin (protein fibers) or spicules
  (mineral crystals)
• Sessile animals live attached to rocks.
• Get food/ oxygen from water that is pumped
  through their hollow bodies by cells with
  flagella
• Filter feeders
• Reproduce through budding and sperm/eggs

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Phylum Porifera
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• Flagellated choanocytes - Filter food / O2 from
  the water passing through the porous body

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Phylum Cnidaria

• Have true tissue no organs
• Have a simple skeletal system
• Excretion through same opening used to pump food/
  water through
• Free-floating or sessile
• 2 stages of life cycle- medusa/polyp
• Budding/sexual reproduction

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Polyp stage
Medusa stage

• Cnidaria
• Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

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• Cnidarians have a gastrovascular cavity and
  cnidocytes on tentacles that sting prey

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PHYLUM ROTIFERA

• Very small size and mostly soft bodies
• Microscopic, mostly aquatic-found in many
  freshwater and moist soil
• Complete digestive tract with mouth and anus
• Body cavities that are partially lined by
  mesoderm- coelomates.
• Crown of cilia around the mouth of the rotifer
  that makes them appear to whirl like a wheel
• Tiny mouths primarily omnivorous, unicellular
  algae and other phytoplankton
• Sexual reproduction

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Phylum Rotifera
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Unsegmented Worms

• Roundworms and flatworms are among the simplest
  bilaterally symmetrical animals
• Flatworms dont need respiratory or circulatory
  systems
• Thin flat bodies absorb oxygen and release CO2
  and wasted directly in the surrounding water.
• Considered parasitic, they live in the digestive
  systems of other animals.
• Nematodes, or roundworms, are less than 1 mm
  long.
• There are loads of nematodes in soil and water.
• Some are decomposers others parasites of animals
  or plants
• Pinworms and hookworms in soil burrow into the
  skin of people who go barefoot outdoors
• Trichina worms infest people who eat undercooked
  pork or wild game.

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Phylum Platyhelminthes

• Flatworms (tapeworms, Planaria)
• 3 cell layers- Acoelomates
• Bilaterally symmetrical
• No respiratory or circulatory systems
  gastrovascular cavity and organized response
  mechanisms
• Thin flat bodies absorb oxygen and release CO2
  and wasted directly in the surrounding water.
• Reproduce by splitting in 2
• Some parasitic, they live in the digestive
  systems of other animals.

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• A planarian has a gastrovascular cavity and a
  simple ner vous system

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• Flukes and tapeworms are parasitic flatworms

Figure 18.7B
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Phylum Nematoda

• Roundworms
• Less than 1 mm long Live in soil and water.
• Sexual reproduction- male sperm/female egg
• Some are decomposers, others are parasites of
  animals or plants
• Pseudocoelom complete digestive system
• Pinworms and hookworms in soil burrow into the
  skin of people who go barefoot outdoors Trichina
  worms infest people who eat undercooked pork or
  wild game. (cause Elephantitis- swelling of
  appendages due to blocking of fluid movement in
  blood vessels by worms)

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Phylum Nematoda
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Simple Invertebrates Lab

• Covers Porifera, Rotifers, Nematoda, Cnidaria,
  and Platyhelminthes

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Animalia Notes continued in Part 2 power point.