The Middle Ages

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The Middle Ages
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Periods
Early Middle Ages 500 1000 High Middle Ages
1000 1250 Late Middle Ages 1250 - 1500
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Europe in the 6c
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The Medieval Catholic Church

• filled the power vacuum left from the
  collapse of the classical world.
• monasticism
• St. Benedict Benedictine Rule of poverty,
  chastity, and obedience.
• provided schools for the children of the upper
  class.
• inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war.
• libraries scriptoria to copy books and
  illuminate manuscripts.
• monks ? missionaries to the barbarians. St.
  Patrick, St. Boniface

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The Power of the Medieval Church

• bishops and abbots played a large part in the
  feudal system.
• the church controlled about 1/3 of the land
  in Western Europe.
• tried to curb feudal warfare ? only 40 days a
  year for combat.
• curb heresies ? crusades Inquisition
• tithe ? 1/10 tax on your assets given to the
  church.
• Peters Pence ? 1 penny per person paid by
  the peasants.

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A Medieval Monks Day
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A Medieval Monastery The Scriptorium
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Illuminated Manuscripts
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Romanesque Architectural Style

• Rounded Arches.
• Barrel vaults.
• Thick walls.
• Darker, simplistic interiors.
• Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.

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Charlemagne 742 to 814
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Charlemagnes Empire
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Pope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor Dec.
25, 800
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The Carolingian Renaissance
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Carolingian Miniscule
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The Rise of European Monarchies England
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Charlemagnes Empire CollapsesTreaty of Verdun,
843
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Feudalism
A political, economic, and social system based on
loyalty and military service.
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Carcassonne A Medieval Castle
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Parts of a Medieval Castle
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The Road to Knighthood
KNIGHT SQUIRE PAGE
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Chivalry A Code of Honor and Behavior
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The Medieval Manor
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Life on the Medieval Manor
Serfs at work
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The "Renaissance" of the 12c
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William the ConquerorBattle of Hastings,
1066(Bayeaux Tapestry)
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Norman Conquest

• Doomsday Book
• Creates Shire Reeves Sheriffs
• Gave Land to the Catholic Church
• Created the Great Council

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Evolution of Englands Political System

• Henry I
• Williams son.
• set up a court system.
• Exchequer ? dept. of royal finances.

• Henry II
• established the principle of common law
  throughout the kingdom.
• grand jury.
• trial by jury.
• Had Thomas Becket Murdered

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King Richard The Lion Heart

• Took Throne after Henry II died
• Spent much time and money fighting in the
  crusades
• His brother Prince John assumed control in
  Richards absence.
• Richard does return to England but is not able to
  manage the country well
• John will take over upon Richards death
• Was the story of Robin Hood real?

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Magna Carta, 1215

• King John I
• Runnymeade
• Great Charter
• monarchs were not above the law.
• kings had to consult a council of
  advisors.
• kings could not tax arbitrarily.

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The Beginnings of the British Parliament

• Great Council
• middle class merchants, townspeople burgesses
  in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr., burghers in Ger.
  were added at the end of the 13c.
• eventually called Parliament.
• by 1400, two chambers evolved
• House of Lords ? nobles clergy.
• House of Commons ? knights and burgesses.

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The Rise of European Monarchies
France
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Capetian Dynasty

• 843- Carolingian Dynasty was divided into 3 parts
• In the west rose Hugh Capet
• Kings did not have much power
• Philip II Augustus
• Turning point extended French monarchy
• Captured Normandy, Maine, Anjou, and Aquitaine

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Pope Urban II Preaching a Crusade
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Setting Out on Crusade
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Christian Crusades East and West
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High Middle Ages Church

• Pope Gregory VII- elected in 1073
• Extended authority over Christian World
• Appointed its own clergy to power and ran its own
  affairs
• Succeed by Pope Innocent III
• Height of Church power- 1200s

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Rise of Orders

• Cistercians strict simple diet no decorations,
  spiritual idea
• Dominicans defend church teachings from heresy
• Franciscans live among the people providing aid
  to the poor
• St. Francis of Assisi
• Born wealthy, devoted life to poverty, humility,
  and devotion to Jesus
• Opposed the use of Relics

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Life on the Medieval Manor
Serfs at work
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Medieval Trade
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Late Medieval Town Dwellings
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Rise of Universities

• 1st European university began in Bologna- early
  1300s
• The University of Paris
• Oxford
• 80 universities by 1500
• St. Thomas Aquinas- wrote the Summa Theologica

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Medieval Guilds
Guild Hall

• Commercial Monopoly
• Controlled membership apprentice ? journeyman
  ? master craftsman
• Controlled quality of the product masterpiece.
• Controlled prices

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Medieval Guilds A Goldsmiths Shop
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Crest of a Coopers Guild
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The Hundred Years' War (1347-1453)
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100 Years War

• France vs. England
• French land controlled by England
• National identity issues
• Issues of succession
• The War was a series of short raids and
  expeditions punctuated by a few major battles,
  marked off by truces or ineffective treaties.

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French Advantages

• Population of about 16,000,000.
• Far richer and more populous than England.
• At one point, the French fielded an army of over
  50,000 ? at most, Britain mustered only 32,000.

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British Advantages

• Weapons Technologies.
• In almost every engagement, the English were
  outnumbered.
• Britains most successful strategies
• Avoid pitched battles.
• Engage in quick, profitable raids
• Steal what you can.
• Destroy everything else.
• Capture enemy knights to hold for ransom.

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The Longbow as a Weapon

• The use of the English defensive position was the
  use of the longbow.
• Its arrows had more penetrating power than a bolt
  from a crossbow.
• Could pierce an inch of wood or the armor of a
  knight at 200 yards!
• A longbow could be fired more rapidly.
• 6 arrows per minute.

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King Henry V (r. 1412-1422)

• Renewed his familys claim to the French throne.
• At Agincourt in 1415, the English, led by Henry
  himself, goaded a larger French army into
  attacking a fortified English position.
• With the aid of the dukes of Burgundy, Henry
  gained control over Normandy, Paris, and much of
  northern France!

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The French Reconquest

• The two kings deaths ushered in the final stage
  of the 100 Years War 1422-1453.
• Even though in 1428 the military and political
  power seemed firmly in British hands, the French
  reversed the situation.
• In 1429, with the aid of the mysterious Joan of
  Arc, the French king, Charles VII, was able to
  raise the English siege of Orleans.
• This began the reconquest of the north of France.

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Joan of Arc (1412-1432)

• The daughter of prosperous peasants from an area
  of Burgundy that had suffered under the English.
• Like many medieval mystics, she reported regular
  visions of divine revelation.
• Her voices told her to go to the king and
  assist him in driving out the English.
• She dressed like a man and was Charles most
  charismatic and feared military leader!

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Joan Announces the Capture of Orleans to the King
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Joan of Arc (1412-1432)

• She brought inspiration and a sense of national
  identity and self-confidence.
• With her aid, the king was crowned at Reims
  ending the disinheritance.
• She was captured during an attack on Paris and
  fell into English hands.
• Because of her unnatural dress and claim to
  divine guidance, she was condemned and burned as
  a heretic in 1432.
• She instantly became a symbol of French
  resistance.

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The End of the War

• Despite Joans capture, the French advance
  continued.
• By 1450 the English had lost all their major
  centers except Calais.
• In 1453 the French armies captured an
  English-held fortress.
• This was the last battle of the war.
• There was not treaty, only a cessation of
  hostilities.

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France Becomes Unified!
France in 1453
France in 1337