Settlement Colonization

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SettlementColonization

• 1500-1763

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• Three major powers controlled the known world
• a) Great Britainb) Spainc) France
• In 1492 Columbus sailed to the Americas for Spain
• 1497 and 1498 John Cabot sailed to North America
  for Britain
• 1577 Sir Francis Drake landed in San Francisco
• Events in Europe shaped the nature of exploration
• Britain and France both looked for the Northwest
  Passage to Asia

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Spain

• Spanish explorers dominated Central and South
  America
• 1519-21 Cortes conquers Mexico
• De Soto explores the southeast
• 1532 Pizarro conquers Peru
• 1540 Coronado explores the southwest
• 1588 The Armada is defeated

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France

• French explorers sailed along the St. Lawrence
  River, through the Great Lakes and down the
  Mississippi River from Canada to the Gulf of
  Mexico
• They were focused on furs and establishing trade
  with the Indians the Spanish focused on wealth
  and exploitation of the Indians
• 1524 Verrazano explores the east coast
• 1534 Cartier journeys along the St. Lawrence
• 1680 La Salle sails down the Mississippi

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Reasons for Colonization

1. Population increase in Britain
2. Enclosure movement
3. Primogeniture first-born sons gets everything
4. Religious freedom Puritans and separatists
5. Economic opportunity a) based on Spanish wealth
   b) Jamestown
6. Joint-stock companies facilitated exploration
7. Dumping unwanted people - Georgia

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Jamestown - Virginia

• The first attempt at colonization was by Sir
  Walter Raleigh in 1584
• In 1585 a small group tried establish a colony at
  Roanoke. The area was named Virginia after Queen
  Elizabeth I of England
• Sir Francis Drake rescued the first settlers, but
  in 1587 another group arrived
• By 1590 this group had disappeared without trace
  this was the lost colony Croatoan
• The next attempt to colonize would be 20 years
  later
• In 1606 the Virginia Company received a charter
  from James I for settlement
• Settlers were guaranteed same rights as Englishmen

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• Dec. 1607 about 100 settlers landed at Jamestown
  (40 had died on the voyage)
• Virginia was terrible disease, cold, wet
• The colonists/adventurers had not intended to
  stay they wanted to get rich and return to
  England, but because of poor location, swampy
  land, laziness, and disease many died
• There was no incentive to work
• 1608 Capt. John Smith took over and forced the
  colonists to work
• Smith developed good relations with the local
  Indians - Powhatan
• 1609 Smith forced to return to England
• 1609-10 starving time
• Gradually relations with the Indians deteriorated

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• By 1612 John Rolfe found a way to grow tobacco
  which enabled to colony to survive
• By 1616 tobacco is a staple export
• Indentured servants arrived to work in the fields
• The First Anglo-Powhatan War ended in 1614 when
  John Rolfe married Pocahontas
• In 1622 the Indians, fearing a lose of land,
  attacked again and killed over 300 settlers
  including Rolfe

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• In 1618 the Virginia Co. developed the Headright
  System which gave 50 acres of land to settlers
  and 50 more for each person he brought
• 1n 1619a) the Virginia Company formed the first
  law-making representative body in America the
  Virginia House of Burgessesb) Colonists given
  same rights as Englishmenc) the first Africans
  arrivedd) 90 women arrived and sold to husbands
• In 1622 James I dissolved the Virginia Company
  and made Virginia a royal colony in 1624
• He also established the Church of England and the
  clergy were supported by the tax payers

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New England Colonies

• In 1530s Henry VIII created the Anglican Church
  but still very Catholic
• The Puritans wanted to completely purify the
  Anglican Church of Catholic influence
• Separatists (extreme Calvinists) wanted to break
  away from the Anglican Church because of
  philosophical differences
• James I kicked the Separatists out of England and
  they went to Holland

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• They hated Holland!
• They negotiated with the Virginia Company and
  agreed to relocate to the New World
• In 1620 they arrived off the coast of New England
• They surveyed the area and agreed to settle
  Plymouth, not Virginia
• They created a colony without authority and
  became squatters
• Only about the colonists were Separatists but
  they were all hard working and determined
  unlike Virginia

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Plymouth

• Before landing they agreed upon the Mayflower
  Compact
• The compact was not a Constitution, but a set of
  rules
• Almost half the settlers died that first winter,
  but the next year the harvest was plentiful
• William Bradford was chosen governor 30 times
• In 1691 Plymouth merged with Massachusetts Bay
  Colony

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Massachusetts Bay Colony

• In 1623 Maine was absorbed by Massachusetts and
  remained part of Massachusetts for over a century
  
• In 1629 Puritans gained a royal charter to settle
  in the New World
• They were a large, well-equipped group led by
  John Winthrop who wanted to create a city upon a
  hill
• Thanks to fishing, furs, and ship building the
  colony thrived
• Almost immediately the franchise was extended to
  all males who were freemen and who belonged to
  the Puritan Churches

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• About two-fifths of the population could vote
• The provincial government was not a democracy
• Winthrop feared democracy
• Religious leaders dictated who would be allowed
  in the Church and so they controlled the society
• Quakers were fined, flogged, and/or banished
• Anne Hutchinson claimed a pure life was no sign
  of salvation angered the Church
• She claimed she was instructed by God
• In 1638 she was banished and went to Rhode Island
• The Great Migration 75,000 Puritans

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• Roger Williams went further demanding a break
  from the Church of England
• Argued that civil decisions should not make
  religious dictates
• In 1635 he was banished to Rhode Island

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Rhode Island

• The land of outcasts Little Rhody Rogues
  Island
• People who settled there were not necessarily
  similar but not wanted elsewhere
• Most were against special privileges
• It secured a charter in 1644 whicha) recognized
  freedom of religionb) accepted a separation of
  church and statec) no taxes to support the
  churchd) no compulsory church attendance

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Connecticut

• In 1635 Hartford was founded by Rev. Thomas
  Hooker
• The settlers were Puritans
• In 1639 they drafted the Fundamental Orders- a
  modern constitution and the first written
  constitution in the colonies

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New Hampshire

• John Mason left rigid Massachusetts for New
  Hampshire
• In 1639 settlers signed the Exeter Compact which
  had been patterned after the Mayflower Compact
• In 1641 New Hampshire was absorbed by
  Massachusetts
• In 1679 it was separated and made a royal colony

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• The Middle Colonies are New York, Pennsylvania,
  New Jersey,and Delaware
• All had fertile, gently sloping land
• Farms generally not huge
• Usually friendly with the Indians
• Incredible cultural and religious diversity
• Colonies were more ethnically mixed
• Very socially and economically democratic

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New York

• In 1609 Henry Hudson explored the coast of New
  York and Delaware and claimed the area for the
  Dutch
• The Dutch West Indies company purchased Manhattan
  Island from the Indians for some trinkets
• They established New Amsterdam and gave large
  tracts of lands to promoters who brought groups
  of settlers to the New Netherlands
• The settlers were from all across Europe

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• The Indians, New Englanders, and Swedes all
  attacked the Dutch
• The Swedes established New Sweden on the Delaware
  River
• In 1655 the Dutch sent the one-legged Peter
  Stuyvesant to remove the Swedes
• Stuyvesant besieged the Swedes and forced them to
  surrender thus ending New Sweden
• In 1664 Charles II granted the area of New York
  to his brother the Duke of York
• The English easily defeated the Dutch and renamed
  the area New York

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New Jersey

• After the Dutch were forced out the land between
  Virginia and New England the Duke of York made a
  proprietary grant to Sir George Carteret and Lord
  Berkeley
• The plan was to sell the land and make a fortune
  from real estate
• The area was called New Jersey
• In 1702 it was granted a Royal charter

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Pennsylvania

• In 1681 William Penn received a massive land
  grant from the king
• The area was already inhabited by thousands of
  squatters
• Philadelphia was well-organized and much better
  than most other cities
• Penn acquired land by purchasing it from the
  Indians
• The colony developed a dislike towards slavery
  and attracted people from all classes and cultures

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• The colony was a Holy Experiment for Quakers
• The Quakers were against war and violence and
  lived simple lives
• Freedom of worship extended to all except Jews
  and Catholics
• The colony welcomed all people and the Quakers
  treated the Indians with respect. However,
  non-Quakers were often violent towards the
  Indians
• By 1700 only Virginia was richer and more
  populated

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• In contrast to the New England and middle
  colonies the southern coloniesVirginia,
  Maryland, North and South Carolina, and Georgia,
  were predominantly rural settlements
• The social, political, and economic structure was
  dominated by the wealthy farmer

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Maryland

• Was the fourth colony founded (second plantation
  colony)
• In 1634 by Lord Baltimore as a Catholic Haven
• Large tracts of land were given to Catholics, but
  Protestants were also welcome
• Maryland Toleration Act decreed religious freedom
  for all except Jews and atheists (death penalty)
• The colony prospered thanks to tobacco
• Initially depended upon indentured servants

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Carolina

• In 1663 Carolina was named after King Charles II
• Virginia colonists inhabited the region which was
  known as Albermarle and resented being part of
  Carolina
• The king gave 8 proprietors the rights to the
  colony, but they focused on the southern part
• 1669 3 ships under the command of Sir Anthony
  Ashley-Cooper sailed to Barbados to collect sugar
  farmers
• In 1670 Charleston was founded
• Many settlers in the Carolinas were squatters
  people who owned no land
• They were rough and rugged and defied authority
• Because of their immunity to malaria, slaves were
  hired to work the fields

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• Fundamental Constitution of Carolina was written
  by Ashley-Cooper and his secretary, John Locke
  offered religious toleration to encourage
  settlers
• In 1690s rice was introduced and became the
  staple crop
• In 1691 the northern region was recognized by the
  crown and called North Carolina
• 1712 the Carolinas separated
• In 1729 South Carolina became a Royal colony

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Georgia

• Philanthropic experiment, founded by James
  Oglethorpe in 1733 the last colony
• Intended as a buffer between the French in
  Louisiana and Spanish in Florida
• Was meant as a refuge for English debtors
• All Christians except Catholics enjoyed
  religious freedom
• Missionaries, including John Wesley, tried to
  convert the Indians
• Constant struggles with the Spanish in Florida

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• Georgia became a buffer between the Spanish and
  the English colonies
• In 1738 Oglethorpe fought the Spanish in the King
  Georges War (War of Austrian Succession)
• Oglethorpe was able to get a victory
• In 1740 the Spanish attacked Georgia and
  Oglethorpe and his men defeated the Spanish and
  sent them back to Florida

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Plantation Colonies

• All used slavery
• Development of cities was secondary
• All aspects of life centered on the plantation
• Tobacco and rice were the main crops
• All permitted some religious freedom
• Indians and Spanish were a continual problem
• More closely associated with Britain

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Iroquois

• The Iroquois lived in New York State and included
  the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Deganawidah, and
  Hiawatha
• They fought other Indian groups before the Dutch,
  French, and English
• They allied with the French or British depending
  on the best deal

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Puritans and Indians

• Initially the Indians tried to befriend the
  settlers
• Squanto, a Wampanoag, helped keep the peace
• In 1637 after mounting tension the Pequot War
  started
• The settlers annihilated the Pequot and
  established almost 40 years of peace
• In 1675 Metacom (called King Philip by the
  English) united the Indians in an attempt to
  remove the settlers he failed
• 100 years after Columbus, 90 of the Indians that
  came into contact with Europeans died

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Colonial Society in the 17th Century
Part 2
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Life in the colonies

• Life in all the colonies was hard dictated by
  religion, economics, and/or geography
• Most migrants were indentured servants
• As the number of planters increased so profits
  decreased causing conflict between large
  plantation owners and small farmers
• Poor whites lost the economic opportunity, much
  like the slaves

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Bacons Rebellion

• Gov. William Berkeley gave tax-free land grants
  to himself and his friends
• The corrupt House of Burgesses voted to exclude
  landless freemen from voting
• The poor yeoman wanted the Indians removed from
  the frontier to make more land available
• Wealthy farmers wanted to limit the amount of
  land available and trade for furs
• The yeomen formed a militia and began killing
  Indians
• Berkeley did not want the fur trade disrupted so
  he agreed to build forts along the frontier

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• Nathaniel Bacon, a member of the governing
  council, protested and killed some peaceful
  Indians Berkeley arrested Bacon
• Bacons men threatened to release him by force
• Berkeley agreed to political reforms to keep the
  peace and restored the vote to the landless
  freemen
• Bacons men still burned Jamestown and issued a
  Manifesto and Declaration of the People and an
  end to rule by the wealthy
• Although bacon died in 1676 the rebellion
  resulted in lower taxes and an expansion into
  Indian land
• Virginia and Maryland stopped accepting
  indentured servants and focused instead on slaves

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• 90 of the colonists involved in agriculture
• Tobacco was the staple crop of Maryland and
  Virginia
• Pennsylvania, Delaware, New York, New Jersey
  produced grain
• New England focused on ship building and fishing
• 1730s the economy was collapsing because of
  British control
• When the colonists looked for other markets the
  British cracked down
• The colonists resorted to smuggling

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Slavery

• 75 of English immigrants were indentured
  servants
• 40 died before the seven years ended
• By the end of the 1600s the supply of indentured
  servants was running low, forcing southern
  farmers to resort to slave labor
• The first Africans were treated even worse than
  indentured servants, but they were not legally
  enslaved and through hard work some did achieve
  relative success
• By 1660 slavery was a hereditary and permanent
  position

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• The land was taken from the Indians, the workers
  came from Africa, the capital came from Europe
• Sophisticated slave-catching systems were
  implemented in Africa to keep the colonies
  supplied
• Sugar became the most profitable crop, but with
  the Navigation Acts sugar and tobacco was
  re-exported and accounted for over half of
  Britains exports
• Slave who survived the Middle Passage were worked
  to death in the sugar fields

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Plantations

• The land and climate in the South led to the
  plantation system
• Huge plantations grew rice, tobacco, and indigo
• The plantation owners became the wealthy
  aristocracy and dominated the political and
  social life of the South
• The plantations needed a plentiful supply of
  labor
• By 1750 over 200,000 slaves worked on plantations

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Mercantilism

• Economic policy to protect the Mother country
• Colonies provide a market and raw materials
• 1660s Navigation Acts a) all colonial imports
  and exports must be on English shipsb) certain
  items could only be shipped through British ports
• In 1675 Charles II created the Lords of Trade to
  enforce the mercantilism, but they became
  colonial administrators

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• 1699 Wool Act forbade the export of wool from
  the colonies
• 1732 Hat Act prohibited exportation of hats
  from one colony to another
• 1733 Molasses Act taxed molasses which was
  needed for rum
• 1679 Lords of Trade deny Massachusetts the right
  to add new Hampshire, and make NH a separate
  colony
• In 1684 the Massachusetts charter was revoked by
  the Lords of Trade

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Society

• Puritans believed the world was full of evil and
  danger very superstitious
• Between 1647-62 Massachusetts and Connecticut
  hanged 14 people for witchcraft
• In 1692 at Salem175 people were arrested , 20
  women were hanged
• After the trials people began to look at religion
  in a different light there were no more witch
  trials after 1692
• Enlightenment philosophy emphasized reason

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People

• Puritans encouraged self-government with all
  landowners having a voice
• This was far more democratic than in England
• They believed in a social and economic hierarchy
  the largest plots of land when to the families
  with high social status
• A society of yeoman farmers emerged
• Town meeting decided town policy

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Religion

• The Enlightenment caused people to think
  differently about religion
• Some including Franklin turned to Deism
• Less wealthy colonists turned to Pietism, which
  emphasized pious behavior and religious emotion
• Starting in 1739 George Whitefield ( a follower
  of John Wesley) began a new style of preaching
  known as the Great Awakening
• Hundreds felt the New Light of God and became
  followers of Whitefield

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• Old Lights the conservatives, criticized the
  emotion of the New Lights
• Thus the Great Awakening undermined the authority
  of the church and ministers
• As a result of the Great Awakening colleges
  opened to prepare ministers for preaching
  Princeton, Columbia, and Brown

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Indians

• Puritans believed they were acting in the name of
  God, so the land was really theirs
• In 1636 the Pequot attacked the English who had
  intruded on their land
• The English allied with other Indians and killed
  over 500 Pequot
• Puritans saw the Indians as savages
• Disease and violence subdued the Indians in New
  England

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• In 1675 Indians had killed an Indian missionary
  and 3 Indians were captured put on trial and
  executed at Plymouth
• Metacom (King Philip to the English) allied with
  some other tribes against the English but it was
  to late
• Land-hungry settlers started a war against the
  Indians
• Both sides resorted to unimagined violence
  resulting in hundreds of deaths
• Eventually, of course, the Indians lost and
  lost everything

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Colonial Unity

• In 1643 four colonies created the New England
  Confederation (almost totally Puritan)
• The colonies became semiautonomous entities
• When Charles II was restored in 1660 he was
  shocked how little power he had in the colonies

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Opposition Grows

• In 1686 the Dominion of New England (CT, RI, MB,
  PL) was created to bolster defenses against the
  Indians. 1688 NY and NJ added
• Androsa) prohibits town meetingsb) restricts
  courtsc) taxed people without their consentd)
  revoked land titles
• All of this happened while the Glorious
  Revolution (1688) was taking place in England
• British monarch loses power Parliament accepts
  John Lockes Two Treatises on Government
• Rebellions start in the colonies

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• The Dominion of New England collapsed
• Andros escaped to England
• In 1691 Massachusetts gets a new charter allowing
  all male land owners to vote and religious
  freedom
• Salutary neglect allowed businessmen free reign
  to develop the colonies as a source of trade

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European Conflicts

• For most of the 1700s Britain and France fought
  for control of western Europe and other parts of
  the world
• 1702-1713 War of Spanish Succession (Queen Annes
  War)
• British armed the Creek Indians to protect
  Georgia from the French and Spanish
• The French armed the Mohawks in New England and
  attacked frontier settlers
• Iroquois refused to take sides
• 1713 Treaty of Utrecht solidifies British control

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• Britain gained Arcadia, (later renamed Nova
  Scotia,) Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay. The
  British now sandwiched the French possessions in
  Louisiana.
• In 1739 a small conflict broke out between the
  British and the Spanish in the Caribbean. An
  English sea captain had his ear cut off by a
  Spanish captain - British government was
  infuriated. The War of Jenkins Ear, later
  became part of the much larger War of Austrian
  Succession (King Georges War in America.)
• France allied with Spain against the British and
  regained its lost North American possessions.

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• Some New Englanders invaded New France and
  captured the French fortress at Louisbourg. 
• The peace treaty signed in 1748 handed the fort
  back to the French and outraged the New
  Englanders who felt betrayed by the British
  government.
• The New Englanders still considered the French
  their greatest threat.