In a nutshell: COLONIZATION TO CONFEDERATION

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ReviewLast Years Course

• In a nutshell COLONIZATION TO CONFEDERATION

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The First Occupants Around 1500

• Native groups occupied the territory of Quebec
  thousands of years before the Europeans arrived
• Their culture was related to their environment,
  their understanding of the world and their values
• Contact with Europeans would eventually decrease
  the numbers of aboriginals and force changes in
  their way of life

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The First Occupants Around 1500

• The native group that occupied the Saint Lawrence
  Valley were the Iroquois
• Sedentary farmers
• The native group that occupied the land directly
  to the North and South of the Saint Lawrence
  Valley were the Algonquians
• Nomadic hunters

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Native American Territory Pre-Contact
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Reasons for Exploration

• Find a new route to Asia and India
• Ottoman Turks took possession over the route
  making travel more dangerous
• Kings wanted more power
• By creating colonies overseas they hoped they
  would become richer and more powerful.    
• Merchants hoped to get rich by selling goods
• spices, silk, and gold
• Better technology
• There were now better ships, improved maps and
  new navigational instruments such as the magnetic
  compass.
• Religion
• Church leaders wanted to send missionaries to
  newly-discovered lands to convert them to the
  Christian faith

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European Contact Jacques Cartier

• His mission
• Find route to China
• Bring back gold and riches
• Claim land for King of France
• First voyage in 1534
• Explored Gulf of Saint Lawrence and Gaspe area
• Did not find any riches
• Believed the river could be a route to China
• Made initial contact with natives and brought
  some back to France

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The First Occupants European Contact

• Second voyage in 1535
• Sailed further down the Saint Lawrence River with
  3 ships
• Reached the Indian villages of Stadacona (now
  Quebec) and Hochelaga (now Montreal)
• Indians helped Cartier and his crew survive the
  cold winter and fight scurvy
• They returned to France in 1536

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The First Occupants European Contact

• Third voyage in 1541-42
• Mission was to set up a colony
• Cartier fought with Roberval (the leader of the
  voyage)
• They believed they found riches but it was
  nothing more than quartz and iron
• The mission failed and no one would return to the
  area for 70 years.

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European Contact - Outcomes

• The Europeans
• Adopted Native customs and were taught how to
  survive in the North American wilderness.
• Learned how to make warm winter clothing from
  furs and moccasins from leather how to use
  canoes, snowshoes, and toboggans to travel how
  to preserve food and how to use plants for
  medicinal purposes.
• New foods such as corn, pumpkins, and maple
  syrup.

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European Contact - Outcomes

• The Natives
• Positive
• New foods such as bread, peas, and salt.
• Introduced to woollen cloth and blankets.
• Iron pots, tools and weapons were stronger and
  longer lasting.
• Negative
• Firearms replaced bows, knives and clubs, which
  made native wars much more deadly
• European epidemics and diseases had a significant
  affect on native populations (ie small pox and
  tuberculosis)
• Many natives became dependant on alcohol

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Mercantilism and New France

• Mercantilism was an economic policy, popular in
  the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe, which
  stated that a country's wealth and power was best
  served through the accumulation of gold and
  silver and raw materials.

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Mercantilism and New France

• Consequences of mercantilism on New France
• New France became a trading colony whose main
  economic role was to supply furs to the mother
  country and to purchase manufactured  products
  from the mother country.
• Furs account for more than 70 of the colony's
  exports and the fur trade is directly responsible
  for the large expansion of territory.
• Fur trade required strong alliances with the
  natives.

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Settlements in New France

• Samuel de Champlain was sent to create the 1st
  permanent settlement at Quebec in 1608
• In 1634 Trois Rivieres was founded
• These settlements helped improve trade with the
  natives
• Seigneurial system was established

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Political Structure in New France

• The power was first held by the fur trading
  companies
• The company of 100 Associates was given a
  monopoly because they promised to bring thousands
  of settlers to New France
• They were not able to meet these demands
• In 1663, Royal Government is established to
  control the colony

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Royal Government

• Power was shared between the
• Governor Kings representative, relations with
  natives, defence
• Intendant trade, justice and finance
• Bishop church, schools, charities, hospitals,
  conversion of natives

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The French Regime 1608-1760

• The Catholic Church Natives
• First objective of the church was to convert the
  natives
• Missionaries settled in some native villages
• In order to spread the religion they had to learn
  native languages
• The city of Montreal, Ville-Marie, was
  established by religious orders seeking to
  convert the natives.
• Iroquois were more hostile to these attempts and
  attacked Montreal

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The French Regime 1608-1760

• The Catholic Church the people
• Religious orders also took of control of
  educating the people
• Education focused mainly on religion
• Basic reading, as well as arithmetic and writing
  were also important
• But few children actually went to school on a
  regular basis, especially in very rural areas

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Immigration to New France

• King Louis XIV appointed Jean Talon as the
  Indendant of New France
• His job was to encourage immigration
• He brought over les filles du Roi
• 900 orphan girls to fight the shortage of women
• Soldiers
• To defend against possible native attacks
• Hired Workers (engages)
• To work in the colony for a minimum of 3 years
• Religious Orders
• To convert natives to Christianity

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THE FRECH REGIME 1608-1760
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The British Conquest - 1760

• REASONS FOR FRANCES DEFEAT
• New France had a large territory but a small 
  population to defend it. 
• The population of the 13 Colonies was about 1.5
  million in 1760 that of New France was about
  70,000. 
• Britain's navy was stronger and bigger and they
  could prevent supply ships from reaching New
  France.
• New France had 5000 soldiers compared to 23,000
  soldiers in the 13 Colonies. 
• The 13 Colonies has a stronger, more diversified
  economy than New France. New France was too
  reliant on France because of mercantilism.
• France was preoccupied with war in Europe and
  could not afford to send much help (Seven Years
  War)

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Military Government 1760-1763

• New France's territory was now under British
  military rule.
• Those who wished to return to France were allowed
  to do so.
• The elite of the colony (government
  administrators, army officers, and some
  merchants) took advantage of this offer and left.
  The Canadiens (artisans, peasants, clergy)
  stayed.
• The people of New France were allowed the freedom
  to practise their Roman Catholic religion.
• While waiting for the Seven Years' War to come to
  an end, British military government was
  maintained in the colony
• Did not interfere with the laws, religion and
  language.
• The seigneurial system was retained.

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Royal Proclamation 1763

• Territory
• The new colony was now called the Province of
  Quebec
• Reduced  to a triangular shape along the St.
  Lawrence River.
• Government
• The British military government was replaced by a
  civil government
• Appointed Governor (Governor Murray) and an
  appointed council
• Roman Catholics were not permitted to hold public
  office (Test Act was required)
• An elected legislative assembly was promised when
  conditions would be more appropriate.

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Royal Proclamation 1763

• Religion
• Plans to bring in Protestant churches and schools
  as a means of assimilating the French.
• Legal System 
• a Superior Court would deal with more serious
  cases and apply the laws of England 
• a lesser court would hear minor cases and apply 
  the old French laws.

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MAP ROYAL PROCLAMATION1760-1775
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The Quebec Act 1774

• The goal was to appease the French Canadians so
  they would not join the American Revolution.
• Territory enlarged to include the Ohio Valley.
• Government still to be governed by an appointed
  governor and council. An elected legislative
  assembly was again denied.
• The Test Act changed so Catholics could now hold
  government office by taking a special oath of
  allegiance to the King. 
• Religion Catholics were to have full freedom of
  worship and the right to collect tithes by the
  Catholic Church was restored.
• Seigneurial System was restored

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MAP THE QUEBEC ACT 1774
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The Loyalists

• American Independence causes many Loyalists to
  come to Quebec
• They want to remain loyal to the British Crown.
• They demand a political system more similar to
  that of Britain
• The Constitutional Act is created to appease the
  Loyalists

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The Constitutional Act 1791

• Divided the province of Quebec into two new
  provinces Lower Canada and Upper Canada. 
• Created a new structure of government for each
  province (see diagram). It included, for the
  first time in Canada's history, a legislative
  assembly, the members of which were elected by
  the people.
• The result was representative but not responsible
  government since the governor-general could veto
  or refuse bills passed by the elected legislative
  assembly.
• Maintained French civil laws in Lower Canada
• The Act also guaranteed the French people their
  rights to the Roman Catholic Church.

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CONSTITUTIONAL ACT - 1791
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Lower Canada Rebellions 1837-38

• Tensions between French and English were high
• French wanted
• Responsible government
• Seigneurial system and French law
• Taxes on business
• Protection of French culture and religion
• English wanted
• to assimilate the French
• Laws that promoted business
• Higher property taxes
• Railroads and canals
• Debates would lead to riots and the hanging of 12
  Patriote members including their leader
  Louis-Joseph Papineau

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The Act of Union 1840

• Following Lord Durham's report Great Britain
  issued the Act of Union in 1840. The Act
• United Upper Canada and Lower Canada into the
  Province of Canada.
• Gave the united colony one legislative assembly
  with 42 elected members from Canada West and
  Canada East
• Made English the only official language in the
  assembly.
• In 1848, responsible government would be adopted

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The Act of Union 1840
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Canada vs. the U.S.A.

• Canadians feared that the Americans would attack
• To retaliate against the British
• Free Trade with the United States ended in 1865
• Canadas had to compensate for the lack of US
  market
• Joining together could remove taxes and improve
  trade

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Confederation 1867

• Creates the Dominion of Canada on
• July 1, 1867
• Four provinces Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and
  New Brunswick
• Federal Government
• Criminal law, external relations, money and
  banking, transportation, defence
• Provincial Government
• Education, health and welfare, roads, civil law,
  courts and prisons, property