Chesapeake Colonization

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Model of Christian Charity 3-2-1
HW 3Characteristics you believe Winthrops
society would have 2Vocabulary definitions you
had to look up 1Question you have after
reading this source
Bell-ringer On
scrap paper, list as many motives/reasons you can
think of (consider both push and pull
factors) for European exploration in the late
1400s . . .
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Early European Exploration
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Motives for European Exploration

1. Renaissance ? curiosity about other lands and
   peoples.
2. Reformation ? refugees missionaries.
3. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
4. Technological advances.
5. Fame and fortune.

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Columbus Four Voyages
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Atlantic Explorations
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The First Spanish Conquests The Aztecs
vs.
Fernando Cortez
Montezuma II
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Impact of European Expansion

1. Native populations ravaged by disease.
2. New products introduced across the continents
   see next slide.
3. Deepened colonial rivalries.

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The Columbian Exchange
Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes
Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine
Cocoa Pineapple Cassava Potato
Peanut Tomato Vanilla Maize
Syphilis
Olive Coffee Bean Banana Rice
Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley
Grape Peach Sugar Cane Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat Horse
Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox
Flu Typhus Measles Malaria
Diptheria Whooping Cough
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European Settlements In North America
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New Spain

• Explored southern and western US
• Main goal was to prevent others from establishing
  settlements/gaining access to gold
• St. Augustine was the first permanent European
  settlement.
• Conflict with Indians
• Forced labor
• Imposition of
• Christianity
• Pueblo Revolt

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New France

• Quebec, was the first permanent French settlement
  (1608)
• Became a fur trading enterprise.
• French Traders
• brought disease which devastated Indian
  populations.

• Native population and French engaged in beaver
  wars, reducing the Iroquois population.
• French also tried to convert Indians, but did not
  use Indians for forced labor.

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New Netherland

• Dutch emerged as financial and commercial center
  of Europe.
• Colonization strategy emphasized commerce over
  religion.
• 1624 found New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island.
• Established huge estates along the Hudson River.
• Failed as a settler colony, but successful in
  trading.
• Did not have a long term plan/vision for New
  AmsterdamEng. take over 1664.

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The English in America
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Creation of an American Society, 14501765
Between 1607 and 1763, British colonists
developed experience inand the expectation
ofself-government.
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Roanoke Joint Stock Companies
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Virginia
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The Virginia Company of London Jamestown

• Late 1606 ? VA Co. established by King James I
  sends out 3 ships
• Spring 1607 ? land at mouth of Chesapeake Bay.
• Attacked by Indians and move on.
• May 24, 1607 ? about 100 colonists all men land
  at Jamestown, along banks of James River

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-Goal of V.C was trade not settlement.-Easily
defended, but swarming with disease-causing
mosquitoes.
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The Jamestown Nightmare

• 1606-1607 ? 40 people died on the voyage to the
  New World.
• 1609 ? another ship from England lost its leaders
  and supplies in a shipwreck off Bermuda.
• Gentlemen colonists would not
• work themselves.
• Game in forests fish in river
• uncaught.
• Settlers wasted time looking for gold instead of
  hunting or farming.
• Indian Conflicts arose as influx of settlers
  occurred.

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High Mortality Rates

• The Starving Time
• 1607 104 colonists
• By spring, 1608 38 survived
• 1609 300 more immigrants
• By spring, 1610 60 survived
• 1610 1624 10,000 immigrants
• 1624 population 1,200
• Adult life expectancy 40 years
• Death of children before age 5 80
• Who saves the day??

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Powhatan Confederacy
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Chief Powhatan

• Powhatan Confederacy
• Powhatan dominated a few dozen small tribes in
  the James River area when the English arrived.
• The English called allIndians in the
  areaPowhatans.
• Powhatan probably sawthe English as allies in
  his struggles to control other Indian tribes in
  the region.

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Culture Clash in the Chesapeake

• 1614-1622?temporary peace between Powhatans and
  the English thanks to Pocahontas marriage to
  John Rolfe.

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John Rolfe
What finally made the colony prosperous??
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Tobacco Plant
Virginias gold and silver. -- John
Rolfe, 1612
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Virginia Child of Tobacco

• Demand for tobacco created an economic boom in
  the Chesapeake area (? MD)
• Tobaccos effect on Virginias economy
• Vital role in putting VA on a firm economic
  footing.
• Chained VAs economy to a single crop.
• Tobacco promoted the use of the plantation
  system.
• Need for cheap, abundant labor.

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Indentured Servitude

• Headright System
• Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose
  passage they paid.

• Indenture Contract
• 5-7 years.
• Promised freedom dues land,
• Forbidden to marry.
• 1610-1614 only 1 in 10 outlived their
  indentured contracts!

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Tobacco Plant insures VAs survival
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Jamestown Housing
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Jamestown Chapel, 1611
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English Colonization

• The Charter of the Virginia Company
• Guaranteed to colonists the same rights as
  Englishmen as if they had stayed in England.
• This provision was incorporated into future
  colonists documents.
• Colonists felt that, even in the Americas, they
  had the rights of Englishmen.

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Why was 1619 a pivotal year for the Chesapeake
settlement?
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Virginia House of Burgesses

• The House of Burgesses established in 1619
  began to assume the role of the House of Commons
  in England
• Control over finances, militia, etc.
• By the end of the 17c, H of B was able to
  initiate legislation.
• The Council
• included mainly leading planters.
• High death rates ensured rapid turnover of
  members.

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• First Africans arrived in Jamestown in 1619.
• Their status was not clear ? perhaps slaves,
  perhaps indentured servants.
• Slavery not that important until the end of the
  17c.

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Early Tensions
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Powhatan Uprisingof 1622
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Culture Clash in the Chesapeake

• 1622-1644 ? periodic attacks between Indians and
  settlers.
• General mistrust grew because of different
  cultures and languages because English
  continued to raid Indian food supplies.
• 1622 ? Indians attacked the English, killing 347
  including John Rolfe.
• Virginia Co. called for a perpetual war against
  the Native Americans.
• English ultimately suppressed the rebellion.
• ? VA becomes Royal Colony (model)

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Frustrated Freemen

• Late 1600s ? large numbers of young, poor,
  discontented men in the Chesapeake area.
• Little access to land or women for marriage.
• 1670 ? The Virginia Assembly disenfranchised most
  landless men!

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Nathaniel Bacons Rebellion 1676

• Led 1,000 Virginians in a rebellion against
  Governor Berkeley
• Rebels resented Berkeleys close relations with
  Indians.
• Berkeley monopolized the fur trade with the
  Indians in the area.
• Berkley refused to retaliate for Indian attacks
  on frontier settlements.

Nathaniel Bacon
GovernorWilliam Berkeley
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Bacons Rebellion 1676
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Bacons Rebellion

• Rebels attacked Indians, whether they were
  friendly or not to whites.
• Governor Berkeley driven from Jamestown.
• They burned the capital.
• Rebels went on a rampage of plundering.
• Issue the Manifesto and Declaration of the People
  demanding the removal of all Indians
• Bacon suddenly died of fever.
• Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion and
  hanged 20 rebels.

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Results of Bacons Rebellion

• It exposed resentments between frontiersmen and
  landless former servants against gentry on
  coastal plantations.
• Socio-economic class differences/clashes between
  rural and urban communities would continue
  throughout American history.
• Upper class planters searched for laborers less
  likely to rebel . . .
• ? BLACK SLAVES

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English Migration 1610-1660