English Settlement

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English Settlement

• Chapter 1

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Background to English Colonization

• Population transfer
• No centralized Empire
• Experience in Ireland
• Gave them model for planting settlements,
  transplanting their familiar way of life and
  subjugate the Indians as they had the Irish.
• Only, where they settled was sparsely populated.

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Jamestown, Virginia May 6, 1607

• First Permanent English
  Settlement in North America
• Virginia Company (Joint-Stock)
• 104 men and boys (2 women arrived the next year)
• Disastrous Beginning
• Location malaria
• Mostly soldiers, townsmen, gentlemen
  adventurers, and servants
• Little knowledge of how to exploit the areas
  resources
• Knew nothing about growing crops malnutrition

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Jamestowns Problems

• Captain John Smith helped keep the colony alive
  by establishing trade with the Indians
  (Algonquian-speaking tribes) and by imposing
  strict discipline.
• he that will not work shall not eat
• Smith was injured and returned to England in
  1609.
• The colony fell apart and suffered the starving
  time of the winter of 1609-1610.
• Only 60 of 500 inhabitants survived the winter of
  1609-1610
• One man by dining on his wife
• Finally imposed martial law in 1611.

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Reform and aBoom in Tobacco

• John Rolfe and Tobacco
• Married Pocahontas, the daughter of chief
  Powhatan.
• Cultivated tobacco, which could be sold to
  Europe.
• Virginia adopted the headright system for
  granting land to individuals.
• Key Year 1619
• House of Burgesses
• A representative assembly to make laws for the
  colony.
• 90 Young Women arrived and sold to likely
  husbands for the cost of transportation.
• 20 Black Forced Laborers brought by the Dutch.

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Tobacco Boom 1620s

• Between 130,000 and 150,000 immigrants came to
  the Chesapeake over the 17th century.
• 3/4ths of all immigrants came as indentured
  servants.
• An estimated 40 percent of servants did not
  survive to the end of their indentured terms.
• Mortality rateover 14,000 English arrived since
  1607, but the population in 1624 was only 1,132.
• As more land was cleared for tobacco, skirmishes
  with the Indians became more brutal and frequent.
• In 1624, James I dissolved the Virginia Company
  and made it a royal colony.

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Maryland (1632)

• Maryland was founded by a single aristocratic
  family, the Calverts (Lord Baltimore).
• 1st Proprietary Colony
• The Calvert family was Catholic.

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The Carolinas (1663)

• North- Lacked good harbors and
  navigable rivers, thus had no way of marketing
  its produce.
• SouthCharles Town established in 1670.
• First exports were furs, Indian slaves, and
  cattle.
• Staple crop was found in the 1690s with the
  introduction of rice (cash crop).
• Demand for rice in Europe made South Carolina the
  richest colony and South Carolina planters the
  richest people on the mainland of North America.
• South Carolina became a separate royal colony in
  1719.

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Georgia (1732)

• James Oglethorpe
• Defensive buffer zone between British North
  America and Spanish Florida.
• Recruited paupers from Europe.
• Became a royal colony in 1753.

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The Founding of New England

• The Puritan Movement
• James I, shortly after succeeding Elizabeth I in
  1603 vowed to purge England of radical Protestant
  reformers. (Puritans)
• The Pilgrims (or Separatists)
• Always a minority within the Puritan movement.
• Concluded that the Church of England was too
  corrupt.
• Suffered persecution fines, imprisonment, and in
  a few cases, execution.
• Many fled to Holland because the Dutch government
  permitted complete freedom of religion.

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PlymouthColony

• Founded by Pilgrims
• Voyage on the Mayflower (1620)
• 101 men, women, and children
• Led by William Bradford
• Mayflower Compact - consensual government
• Long winter
• Had arrived too late to plant crops.
• By the spring of 1621, half had died.
• Samoset and Squanto showed them how to grow
  maize.
• Thanksgiving

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The Massachusetts Bay Colony

• Plymouth was quickly overshadowed by another
  colony, the Massachusetts Bay Colony, which
  absorbed it in 1691.
• The Puritans
• Non-Separating Congregationalists
• Hoped the Church of England could be reformed
• Founding 1630
• Led by John Winthrop
• We shall be as a city on a hill.
• 17 ships and more than 1,000 colonists
• Included merchants, landed gentlemen, and lawyers.

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The Founding of New England

• Beginning of the Great Migration
• Some 21,000 came in a cluster between 1630 and
  1642.
• Most arrived in family groups.
• Rapid settlement Stability and Order
• Common past of persecution and a strong desire to
  create an ordered society modeled on Scripture.
• Lived to an average age of 70
• Twice as long as Virginians.
• 10 years longer than in England.
• By 1700, New England and the Chesapeake both had
  populations of approximately 100,000.

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Puritanism (Puritans)

• We have a false image.
• Puritans, especially those of the upper class,
  wore colorful clothing, enjoyed secular music,
  and drank rum (but did not get drunk).
• Moderation in all things except piety was the
  Puritan guideline
• Separation of Church and State?
• The Puritan was dedicated to seeking not the will
  of the people but the will of God.
• Civil laws obliged everyone to attend worship
  services on the Sabbath and to pay taxes to
  support Congregationalist ministers.

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Covenant Theology

• Man and God have interacted through a succession
  of explicit agreements or contracts.
• The idea of mutual obligation is fundamental.
• Puritans practically do away with the conception
  of God as merely promising, and substitute a
  legal theory of Gods delivering to man a signed
  and sealed bond.
• The contract between God and man, once entered
  into, is ever afterwards bindinga treaty of
  mutual obligation.
• The covenant theology becomes the foundation for
  the state and the church in New England.

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Mass. Becomes Staging Area for all of New England

• Rhode Island (refuge for dissenters)
• Roger Williams
• He believed in complete separation of church and
  state (to protect the church).
• He was banished and founded the town of
  Providence in 1636 the first permanent
  settlement in America to legislate freedom of
  religion.
• Anne Hutchison
• Believed in direct revelations from the Holy
  Spirit.
• Challenged the legitimacy of the ministerial
  community.
• Banished in 1638 and went to Rhode Island. Later
  moved to Long Island and killed in an Indian
  attack.

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Mass. Becomes Staging Area for all of New England

• Connecticut (1637)
• Founded by Mass. Puritans seeking better lands
  and access to the fur trade farther west.
• Thomas Hooker organized the self-governing
  colony.
• Government similar to Massachusetts except more
  democratic voting was not limited to church
  members
• Hooker and Connecticut becomes a blueprint for
  political democracy
• New Hampshire and Maine (1622)
• Slowly settled by Puritan immigrants. Consisted
  of scattered and small settlements. Maine splits
  off in 1629 but remains sparsely populated.

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The Middle Colonies

• New York (1664)
• Originally the Dutch colony of New Netherlands,
  1614 (New Amsterdam was capital in 1626).
• Cultural differences hampered the prospects for a
  stable social and political life.
• Captured by the English in1664 without firing a
  shotKing Charles II granted the region to James,
  the duke of York, later King James II.
• New Jersey (1664)
• Duke of York gave 5 million acres to two of his
  friends.
• Became royal colony in 1702.

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The League of the Iroquois

• Composed of 6 different tribes welded together
  into a coherent political unit.
• Actually gained greater strength from its
  contacts with whites.
• The Indians of northern New York became important
  suppliers of furs to white traders.
• As the favored clients of the English, they
  became opponents to the French.

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The Middle Colonies Pennsylvania

• Quaker beliefs
• Founded in 1647 by George Fox as the Society of
  Friends.
• Named in ridicule tremble at the word of the
  Lord
• No original sin, no predestination, believe in
  goodness, equality, and the doctrine of
  individual spiritual inspiration and
  interpretation the inner light.
• They discarded all formal sacraments and formal
  ministry, refused deference to persons of rank,
  and embraced simple living and pacifism.
• Their toleration extended to complete religious
  freedom for all and the equality of the sexes.

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The Middle Colonies Pennsylvania

• Successful Settlement (1681)
• William Penn, a converted Quaker, inherited a
  substantial estate and was given the proprietary
  rights for Pennsylvania by Charles II in 1681.
• He recruited religious dissenters from England
  and the ContinentQuakers, Mennonites, Amish,
  Moravians, Baptists
• By 1700 its population stood at 21,000.
• Delaware (1701)
• At first was part of Pennsylvania.
• After 1701 allowed to have own assembly but same
  governor as Penn. until American Revolution.

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Conclusion

• Although the English colonization efforts did not
  start off as well as the French and Spanish, they
  eventually became a greater success because the
  lack of centralized control gave free rein to a
  variety of human impulses.
• The English preferred private investment. Not a
  single colony was begun by the crown.
• Poor immigrants were more likely to obtain land
  in the English colonies and settlement was more
  concentrated.