Discovery and Early Colonization

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Discovery and Early Colonization

• Compare and Contrast Spanish, French, and English
  Exploration and Colonization.

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AP Outline

• 1. Pre-Columbian Societies, America Before1600
• A. Early inhabitants of the Americas
• B. American Indian empires in Mesoamerica, the
  Southwest, and the Mississippi Valley
• C. American Indian cultures of North America at
  the time of European contact
• 2. Transatlantic Encounters and Colonial
  Beginnings, 1492-1690
• A. First European contacts with Native Americans
• B. Spain's empire in North America
• C. French colonization of Canada
• D. English settlement of New England, the
  Mid-Atlantic region, and the South
• E. From servitude to slavery in the Chesapeake
  region
• F. Religious diversity in the American colonies
• G. Resistance to colonial authority Bacon's
  Rebellion, the Glorious Revolution, and the
  Pueblo Revolt

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Possible Essay Questions

• Analyze the differences between the Spanish
  settlements in the Southwest and the English
  colonies in New England in the seventeenth
  century in terms of TWO of the following
• Politics
• Religion
• Economic development
• Geography was the primary factor in shaping the
  development of the British colonies in North
  America
• Assess the validity of this statement for the
  1600s.

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Pre-Columbian America

• Bearing Straights/Land Bridge
• Hunters and Gathering people follow herds from
  Asia over the ice and into the Western
  Hemisphere.
• Evidence of 50,000 year old bones found in South
  America

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North American-Native Americans

• Native Groups are Diverse
• Mesoamerica First Mayan then Aztecs, Incas
• Large agriculture, large population, cities,
  imperial in nature, social stratification,
  Pre-historic (no writing) limited metal
  technology, polytheistic, theocratic, imperial
• Atlantic Coast
• Hunter/Gatherer
• Small groups/limited nomadic/some Agriculture,
  prehistoric, stone-age technology

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• "Did you detect something a little ominous in the
  way they said, 'See you later'?"

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Exploration

• Amerigo Vespucci- (1497-1499) cartographer,
  explored the coast of South America- identified
  it as a new continent,, publicized his views in
  books, new continent was became known as the
  Americas.
• Ponce De Leon-(1513) Florida
• Balboa-(1516) Panama and the Pacific Ocean
• Magellan- Circumnavigated the world
• Cabot-(1497) explored for the English,
  Newfoundland, looking for Northwest Passage,
  claimed Northern portion of North America for
  English

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Exploration
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Pattern of Conquest-

• Technology- metal, armor, firearms, horses,
  disease- aide in compensating for outnumbered
  Spaniards
• Native structure was imperial in nature-
• Aztecs and Incas - controlled other tribes who
  were unhappy
• - Spanish were able to make allies Divide and
  Conquer
• Spanish- remove the imperial power and place
  themselves at the top of the political structure.

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Spanish Colonization

• No large population of Spanish immigrants
• Total control from Spain- Council of the
  Indies/Trade was strictly controlled by the
  mother country.
• Mercantilism/Mercantilist- the premise that
  national wealth and power were best served by
  increasing exports and collecting precious metals
  in return
• Gold and raw materials go to the mother country
• Manufacture goods go to colony-
• All trade was supposed to go to the mother
  country first. (Smuggling was wide spread and
  prevalent)
• Politics were controlled by the mother country.

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Social Stratification

• Social Stratification
• Penninsulare
• Criollo
• Mestizo
• Zambo
• Indian

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Columbian Exchange

• Researcher Alfred Crosby- Book
• Crosby AW, The Columbian Exchange, Biological and
  Cultural Consequences of 1492. Greenwood Press
  Westport, Conn., 1972.
• 1622 around Boston Bay the Indians "died on
  heapes, as they lay in their houses and the
  living, that were able to shift for themselves,
  would runne away and let them dy, and let their
  Carkases ly above the ground without
  burial....And the bones and skulls upon the
  severall places of their habitations made such a
  spectacle after my coming into these partes, that
  as I travailed in the Forrest nere the
  Massachusetts, it seemed to me a new found
  Golgotha."

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• Hemispheric isolation ends and new goods and
  biological elements are introduced to both.

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French Exploration

• Veranzanno-(1524) Explored North Coast of North
  America-
• Cartier- (1536) sailed up the St. Lawrence River,
  to Quebec then to Montreal-
• La Salle- (1681) found and named the Mississippi
  and Louisiana, claimed for France

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New France

• Settled in the area of Quebec 1608, Montreal
  (1648) (Modern day eastern Canada)
• Royal Licenses King of France granted a Monopoly
  of trade
• Champlain traveled South on the St. Lawrence
  River, established trading contacts with Hurons
  and Iroquois, established Montreal.
• No large Plantation style settlements ie., with
  large populations, but trading settlements.
  French in North America generally have good
  relations with native Americans because they do
  not displace natives and settle to promote trade.
  

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French Colonization

• Beaver pelts/Fur Trade, fishing to Europe are the
  profitable enterprises.
• Roman Catholics only allowed to settle in New
  France, Jesuits try to convert Indians.
• Movie The Black Robe depicts the French in Canada
  at this time.
• Later in the century, French explorers, Louis
  Jolliet and Jaques Marquette will explore the
  Mississippi.
• Still later 1682, Robert Cavalier or the Sieur de
  La Salle, reach the Gulf of Mexico and claim the
  Mid West to France.
• New Orleans is established by Pierre Le Moyne,
  1699, thus the French have a presence in North
  America

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Dutch In America

• Dutch West India Company- wanted to find the
  Northwest Passage to India
• Henry Hudson- (1609) explored what is now Hudson
  River in New York
• Colony of New Netherlands
• At first relationship with Indians was good- not
  much settlement and trading economy- fur trading
• Founded New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island-
  purchased from Indians (Cheap)

• Peter Stuyvesant- was a strong leader
• New Sweden was another very small colony- but was
  taken over by the Dutch in 1655.
• Multiethnic colony- mixed from Dutch, Swedes,
  Finns, French, German and English
• Low population- created need for Slave labor
  1620s slaves brought by Dutch- later 7-9 of
  population.
• Later English will take over colony.