The New Monarchies

1
Section 2.8

• The New Monarchies
• (The Renaissance Kings)

2
Agenda

• Renaissance Quiz
• Present Renaissance Man
• Begin New Monarchs
• Homework
• Read Chapter 14 (453-458)

3
Characteristics of New Monarchies

• term generally associated with Louis XI, Henry
  VII, and Ferdinand/Isabella
• After 1400 monarchs began to aggressively assert
  their power
• Influenced by Renaissance (Machiavellian) ideals
• Suppressed feudal nobility
• Curtailed power of clergy
• Stressed heredity rule
• Favored by Bourgeoisie (town people)
• Guarantee protection of law
• Levied taxes
• Pay for large armies
• Kept order (commerce)
• Incorporate Roman Law for prestige
• title of majesty and sovereign

4
Question What would Machiavelli think of the New
Monarchs?
5
Origins, Nature, and AccomplishmentsEnglands
New Monarchy

• Parliament controlled by feudal lords (blocked
  consolidation)
• War of the Roses (1455-1471)
• Civil War between Yorkists and the Lancastrians
• Tudors (of York) emerge victorious after War of
  Roses
• Between houses of York and Lancaster
• Had slowed trade, agriculture, industry

York
Lancaster
6
Englands New Monarchy

• Henry VII (1485-1509)
• Passed laws against livery and maintenance
• Weakens Barons
• Lords prevented from maintaining private armies
  and wearing livery (family insignia)
• Used diplomacy to avoid war
• Eliminates the power of Parliament
• Royal council
• 12-15 (mostly middle class) used as executive
  advisers
• Passed laws favoring upper middle class
• Trade, money interests

7
England

• Star Chamber
• Kings private council
• No jury present
• Ignore parliament
• Decided property disputes, disturbances of peace
• Accepted because it kept order
• No standing army
• Utilized justices of the peace to police local
  towns
• Encouraged wool exports
• Diplomacy
• Crushed Irish invasion
• Married Margaret (daughter) to Scottish king
• Married Arthur (son) to Katherine of Aragon

8
Frances New Monarchy

• Charles VII (1422-1461) and Louis XI of Valois
  Family
• Charles expelled English in 1453
• Except Calais
• Reorganized royal council
• Gave more power to middle class
• Built up royal army
• Established regular companies of cavalry, archers
  (paid by king)
• Controlled taxes
• Gabelle (salt tax) and Taille (land tax)
• Helped pay for large army
• Controlled clergy
• Pragmatic Sanction(1438)
• Asserted State authority of bishops and

9
France

• Louis XI (1461-1483)
• Spider King
• Known for his treacherous (machiavellian)
  character
• Promoted economic growth
• Silk weaving
• Welcomed foreign craftsmen
• Traded with England, Hanseatic league
• Invaded Burgundy in 1477
• Inherited Anjou, and other territories
• King Francis I
• Concordat of Bologna (1516)
• Rescinded Pragmatic Sanction
• Had denied Pope revenue
• Pope receives annates ( from French clergymen)
• Louis gets to appoint bishops and abbots

10
Spains New Monarchy

• Aragon and Castile
• Ferdinand and Isabella unite Spain through
  marriage
• True unifying force was Catholicism
• Crusade against Moors
• Inquisition served as unifying legal force
• Catholicism viewed as Spanishness
• Reconquesta-Jews and Moors expelled in 1492
• Moriscos (Muslim converts) and Marranos (Jewish
  converts) were viewed as unfaithful
• Inquisition tortured thousands
• Hermandades
• brotherhoods
• Local police judges who brutally suppressed
  crime
• Spain emerges as defender of the faith
• Exports Catholicism to New World
• Crusade mentality permeates society

11
Holy Roman Empires New Monarchy

• Not a New Monarchy
• Never able to centralize control over vast
  territory
• Comprised of 3 States
• Princely States- hereditary dynasties
  (Brandenburg)
• Ecclesiastical- Abbacies (owned vast amounts of
  territory)
• Imperial Free Cities- (about 50) bourgeoisie
  dominated
• Imperial Knights-lords of small estates (loyal to
  HRE)
• Emperor
• Elected by Princes (fiercely independent/jealous)
• By 1452 had dwindled to 7 electors
• Elected Hapsburgs from Austria
• Rule until 1806

Charles V
12
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13
Rise of Hapsburgs

• Maximilian I (1493-1519) marries heiress of
  Burgundy and Netherlands
• Their Son Philip marries Joanna of Spain (heiress
  to Ferdinand and Isabella)
• Their son Charles I inherits Austria,
  Netherlands, Burgundy, Spain, New World
• Elected HRE in 1519 as Charles V
• His brother Ferdinand in elected King of Bohemia
  and Hungary
• Fear of Universal Monarchy spreads
• Results in Balance of Power

14
Stage is Set for Revolution

• Image of Church greatly diminished
• Few reform-minded leaders in Church
• Monarchs are centralizing power
• Fear of Universal Monarchy ushers in new allies