Europe and the New World:

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Chapter 14
Europe and the New World New Encounters, 1500 -
1800
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p. 413
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On the Brink of a New World

• Motives and Means
• Catholic Europe had been largely confined to the
  continent (exception of the Crusades, which
  failed)
• The Travels of John Mandeville (14th
  century)-Fantastic lands of legend and myth
• Access to the East
• The Polos-Popularized China in Europe through
  descriptions of Kublai Khan and Mongol courts
• Economic Motives-Primary motive for European
  exploration
• Religious Zeal-Particularly strong motivation for
  Portugal and Spain
• Centralized Monarchies
• Ptolemys Geography (1477)
• Development of seaworthy ships and new
  navigational techniques
• Old techniques, such as using the Pole Star to
  determine position was useless below the equator

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p. 416
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Portuguese Exploration

• Portuguese fleets had begun sailing south along
  the western coast of Africa in early 15th century
  
• In search of commerce and trade
• Precious metals and goods such as gold and ivory
  from parts of Morocco and the Gold Coast
• 1440s-Portuguese begin profiting from the selling
  of African slaves through their maritime
  exploration

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New Horizons The Portuguese and Spanish Empires

• Prince Henry the Navigator (1394 1460)
• Established first school for mariners in Portugal
• The Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire
• Bartholomeu Dias
• Vasco da Gama
• Reaches India by rounding Cape of Good Hope
• Direct voyage from Europe to India
• Viceroys
• Alfonso dAlbuquerque (1462 1515)
• Commercial Military bases
• Reasons for Portuguese Success
• Able to defeat Muslim opposition and control
  trade with India (Accomplished this with arms and
  technique)

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Destruction of Muslims at Malacca

• Encompassing and controlling Malacca and the
  Malay peninsula meant
• Destroying Arab spice trade
• Providing a way station on route to the Spice
  Islands and China

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Map 14-1, p. 417
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p. 418
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p. 418
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Voyages of the New World

• Christopher Columbus (1451 1506)
• Reached the Bahamas (Oct. 12, 1492)
• Additional voyages (1493, 1498, and 1502)
• Additional Discoveries
• John Cabot-Venetian that sailed for England
• Pedro Cabral-Discovered South America in 1500
• Amerigo Vespucci- AmericaNew Lands
• Nunez de Balboa
• Ferdinand Magellan
• Ferdinand Magellan (1480 1521)
• First known circumnavigation of the earth
• Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)-divided the New
  World between Spain and Portugal

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p. 420
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The Spanish Empire in the New World

• Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica
• The Maya (civilization of sophistication)
• The Aztec were the prominent rulers of much of
  Mexico at the time of Euro exploration
• The Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire
• Hernan Cortés (1485 1547)
• Best exemplifies Spanish exploration and
  expansion of the New World
• Moctezuma (Montezuma)
• Aztec Empire overthrownby Cortez
• Capital city (Tenochtitlan) located in Central
  Mexixo

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p. 421
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p. 422
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The Spanish Empire (Cont)

• The Inca (Ruler) and the Spanish
• Pachakuti-Inca leader (Led campaign bringing
  entire region under control)
• Inca buildings and roads
• Francisco Pizarro (c. 1475 1541)
• Conquered and plundered Inca empire in 1531
• Smallpox- European disease contributing to high
  mortality rates among natives of the New World
• Incas overthrown (1535)- Pizzaro establishes new
  Spanish Empire at the capital city of Lima
• No immunity for epidemic
• Death of the emperor
• Civil war between two sons of the Inca Emperor
• Incan soldiers outmatched
• Armed with stones, arrows, and light spears

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The Spanish Empire (Cont)

• Administration of the Spanish Empire
• Queen Isabella proclaimed the natives to be
  subjects of Castile
• Encomienda- Social and Economic System under
  Castile
• Conquistadors collected tribute from the natives
  and used their labor
• Spaniards abused Indians, ignoring their
  government
• Put to work on plantations and in gold and silver
  mines
• Bartolome de Las Casas was a major public critic
  of Spanish treatment of the Indians
• Viceroys
• Ruled over New Spain and Peru
• The Church
• Catholic Monarchs of Spain given extensive rights
  of Holy affairs in the New World

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p. 422
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Chronology, p. 424
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p. 424
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New Rivals

• Dutch, French, and English
• Dutch East India Company 1602
• Established a settlement at the Cape of Good Hope
  
• Trade in slaves increases with European
  exploration and settlement
• Most Africans taken from coastal areas and
  shipped to plantations in the NW (Middle East and
  Europe previously)
• Discovery of the Americas changed the slave trade
  drastically

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Africa The Slave Trade

• Sugar Cane and slavery
• European diseases set an early expiration date
  for many Indians
• Plantations needed more labor than natives could
  supply
• Growth in the Slave Trade
• Up to 10,000,000 African slaves taken to the
  Americas between the Sixteenth and Nineteenth
  Centuries
• New Atlantic Economy represented by Triangular
  Trade
• European Merchants from England, France, Spain,
  Portugal, and the Dutch Republic
• Facilitated trade between European, African, and
  American continents

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The Slave Trade (cont)

• Each cargo contained around 300-450
• Rate of death could exceed 10 on longer journeys
  due to adverse conditions
• Suffering endured for Africans who survived the
  middle passage as they had little or no immunity
  to NW sicknesses

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Effects of the Slave Trade

• The Slave Trade increased war and violence in
  Africa among natives
• Prisoners of War
• Crippled African economies
• Depopulation of African communities
• Demoralization

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Conflicting Views of Slavery

• Western society tended to accept slavery
• Blacks viewed as inferior beings meant for dull
  labor
• Beginning in the 1770s the Society of Friends
  (Quakers) publicly abhorred slavery

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Map 14-2, p. 427
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The West in Southeast Asia

• Portugal
• Too weak at home to dominate empire abroad
• Spain
• Established Pacific base in the Philippines
• The Dutch and the English
• Dutch seize the spice trade, in SE Asia, from
  Portugal in the early 17th century
• Dutch bring most of Indonesia under its control
  by the end of the 18th century

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The West in Southeast Asia (cont)

• Mainland SE Asia was not impacted as much by
  European arrival
• More success in resisting European intrusion
  because they had strong monarchies and were more
  politically cohesive
• Cooperation helped states drive Europeans out
• Local Kingdoms (Burma/Myanmar), Siam (Thailand),
  Angkor (Cambodia), and Vietnam)

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p. 429
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p. 430
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p. 430
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The French and the British in India

• The Mughal Empire
• Mongol in origin
• Babur-Founder of dynasty
• Akbar (1556-1605) Grandson of Babur
• Brought more systematic and centralized rule to
  India
• Under Akbar and the Mughal Empire, India enjoyed
  economic progress and relative peace

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The French and the British in India

• The Impact of the Western Powers
• Portugal-Original European power in India
• England-Steady increase in British presence
• French-Major western rival to the British in
  India
• Sir Robert Clive
• Thwarted the French threat in India
• The East India Company
• Company in which stakes can be bought and owned
  by shareholders
• Local British population in Indias Fort William
  imprisoned in the black hole of Calcutta

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p. 432
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China

• China
• In 16th century Portugal became the first
  European state to make direct contact with China
  since the travels of M. Polo
• Ming Dynasty (1369 1644)
• Qing Dynasty
• Originated from Manchuria and replaced the Ming
  in the 17th century
• Overthrow of the Ming created opportunity for
  Manchus who conquered Beijing and Li Zicheng
• Limited Contact with Europeans
• Lord Macartney compared the Chinese empire to an
  old, crazy, first-rate man of war destined to be
  dashed to pieces on the shore
• Due to incompetent leadership

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Japan

• Japan
• Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543 1616)
• Shogun, meaning general, achieved the unification
  of Japan
• Most powerful and longest lasting of all
  Shogunates
• Opening to the West
• The Portuguese
• Initially visitors welcomed
• Catholic Missionaries
• Interfered in local politics
• Tokugawa Ieyasu expelled all missionaries in
  Japan and persecuted Christians

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p. 433
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The Americas

• The Spanish and Portuguese were challenged by
  European rivals
• British and French found success in the W. Indies
  
• North America
• The Dutch settle the Hudson River Valley
• The English
• Jamestown (1607)-First permanent English
  settlement in N. America
• The French
• Canada- Jacques Cartier discovers St. Lawrence
  River in 1534 and claims Canada as a French
  possession

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p. 435
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Chronology, p. 436
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The Impact of European Expansion The Conquered

• Devastating effects to local populations in
  America and Africa
• Less impact in Asia
• China and Japan were two nations barely impacted
  by European power and influence
• Multiracial society first appeared in Latin
  America
• Catholic Missionaries
• Conversion of native populations
• Hospitals, orphanages and schools
• The Jesuits
• Allowed new converts to practice ancestor worship
• Catholicism failed to disperse in China because
  of the opposition by the Pope to ancestor worship

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The Impact of European Expansion The Conquerors

• Europeans lusted for gold and silver
• Opening of Potosi mines in Peru (1545) the value
  of precious metals imported into Europe
  quadrupled
• Exchange of plants and animals
• Columbian Exchange
• European brought cattle, horses, and wheat to NW
• Took potatoes, chocolate, corn, tobacco back to
  Europe
• European rivalries
• New views of the world
• Gerardus Mercators (1512 1594) work is the
  most famous map projection in history
• A Mercator projection shows the true shape of
  landmasses in a limited area

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Map 14-3, p. 440
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p. 441
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Toward a World Economy

• Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century
• Inflation
• Major economic problem in Europe created price
  instability
• Wages failed to keep up with price increases
• Decline in the standard of living for working
  class
• The Growth of Commercial Capitalism
• Joint stock trading companies
• Commercial organization benefitted commercial
  expansion
• Individuals bought shares in companies and
  received dividends on their investments
• Raise of spectacular sums of capital for world
  trading

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Toward a World Economy

• The financial center of Europe in the 17th
  century was Amsterdam
• New industries tied to banking firms
• Jacob Fugger was given a monopoly over silver,
  copper, and mercury mines in the Habsburg
  possessions of central Europe
• These possessions produced profits of 50,
  annually

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Mercantilism

• Total volume of trade unchangeable
• Economic activity war through peaceful means
• Importance of bullion (gold and silver) and
  favorable balance of trade
• Exported goods more valuable than imported goods
• State intervention
• Governments should stimulate and protect export
  industries and trade

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p. 443
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Overseas Trade and Colonies Movement Toward
Globalization

• Transoceanic trade very valuable
• Goods consumed by affluent, merchants, and
  artisans
• Intra European trade
• By the end of the 17th century local, regional,
  and intra-European trade was greater than
  international trade
• Trade patterns interlocked Europe, Africa, the
  East and the Americas

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Timeline, p. 445