Unit 1: Origins of a New Nation

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Unit 1Origins of a New Nation

• Chapter 1Many Cultures Meet
• Chapter 2Europeans Establish Colonies
• Chapter 3The American Colonies Take Shape

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Arrival of the first Americans

• 10,000-40,000 years ago.
• Crossed land bring connecting Siberia and Alaska.
• Where is it now?
• Why this bridge?
• Spread in N S Amer

• 3 most advanced civilizations in Central and
  South America.
• Inca
• Peru and Ecuador
• Mayan
• Southern coach of Gulf of Mexico
• Aztec
• Mexico

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The Vikings

• Came from Norway
• 800-1000 AD
• Eric the Red, Leif Ericson
• True Blood anyone?
• Why no credit?
• No claims, little evidence.

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Reasons for European Exploration and Explores

• Renaissance
• More learning, new scientific techniques, ideas
  and instruments.
• Religious Conflict, Crusades
• Catholic victory Spain
• Protestant revolt Northern Europe
• Want more cool stuff
• Dyes, silk, spices OH MY!

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Reasons for European Exploration and Explores

• Expanding trade
• Marco. Polo!
• Influence, Merchant from Venice
• Went to China, exciting descriptions!!!
• Rise of Nation-States in Europe
• Expansion of commerce
• Dont forget the 3 Gs..
• GOD, GOLD, GLORY!

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Follow the Leader

• First.. Spain Portugal.
• Then France Holland.
• Finally Great Britain.

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Why did they come?

• Portugal water routes to India Asia
• Claimed colonies, ie Brazil
• Spain water routes, conquistadors
• Land, wealth, slaves
• Colonies sugar
• Indian then African slaves

• FR water routes, colonization
• Fur trade around Great Lakes
• Known as coureurs de bois
• Friendly with Indians
• Britain - Upper hand in North American and set
  the stage for.. US!

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Who came?Portugal

• Prince Henry the Navigator
• Est. Nautical school
• Water route to Asia
• Made it to West Africa
• Vasco de Gama
• Sailed around Southern tip of Africa to India
• Amerigo Vespucci
• Italian mapped coast of S. America.
• Work used to map the New World

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Who came?Spain

• Christopher Columbus
• Italian sent by Ferdinand Isabella
  to Asia (didnt quite make it)
• 3 ships, 90 sailors, landed San Salvador
  10/12/1492
• Balboa
• Sailed to Panama 1st European to
  see Pacific

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Who came?Spain

• Ferdinand Magellan
• Sailed around S. Amer tip (straight of Magellan)
• Called Pacific peaceful waters
• Sailed around the world

• Hernando Cortes
• Conquistador
• Sailed to Mexico with Army
• Destroyed Aztecs, claimed Mexico

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Hernan Cortes Francisco Pizzaro

• Hernan Cortes
• Sent by Spanish Governor of Cuba to conquer the
  Aztecs in Mexico.
• Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan (present day Mexico
  city) had 400,000 people there.
• Aztecs governed about 20 million people (twice
  the size of Spains) and Cortes could only gather
  600 soldiers.
• Cortes learned that the Aztecs conquered many
  Native Americans and were able to enlist the help
  of 200,000 Mexicans.
• By 1521, Cortes had conquered one of the largest
  empires in the world.
• Francisco Pizzaro
• Conquered the Inca (what is now Peru)

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Control of the Spanish Empire

• These new lands and people became
• Colonies areas settled by immigrants who
  continue to be ruled by their parent country.
• The Spanish became soooo rich!
• Had enslaved Native Americans and Africans, mined
  silver and gold in Peru, established farms and
  ranches, etc.
• Didnt make Indians leaveforced them to become
  part of Spanish culture.
• Because they all lived togethera new race
  emerged
• Mestizo Mix of Spanish and Native American.

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• "With my own eyes I saw Spaniards cut off the
  nose, hands and ears of Indians, male and female,
  without provocation, merely because it pleased
  them to do it. ... Likewise, I saw how they
  summoned the caciques and the chief rulers to
  come, assuring them safety, and when they
  peacefully came, they were taken captive and
  burned."

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"The Spaniards took babies from their mothers'
breasts, grabbing them by the feet and smashing
their heads againt rocks. ...They built a long
gibbet, low enough for the toes to touch the
ground and prevent strangling, and hanged
thirteen natives at a time in honor of Christ
Our Saviour and the twelve Apostles. ...Then,
straw was wrapped around their torn bodies and
they were burned alive."
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Who came?Spain

• Ponce de Leon
• Sought the fountain
  of youth
• Claimed Florida
• Land of Flowers
• Spanish Empire caused inflation to rise in Europe
• San Salvador, Mexico, Florida, etc.

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Who came?France

• Jacques Cartier
• Looking for Northwest Passage,
  explored St. Lawrence River
• Samuel de Champlain
• Founded colony of Quebec in 1608
• Robert LaSalle
• Followed Mississippi River, claimed it
• Named Louisiana after King Louis XIV
• Great location!

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Who came?Britain

• Sir Francis Drake
• Sea Dog, sent by Queen Elizabeth I
• Mission pillage Spanish America and ships
• Defeated Spanish Armada
• Huuuge fleet 130 ships 27,000 sailors
• Ensured GBs naval dominance in North Atlantic

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Others

• Henry Hudson
• British but sailed for Dutch
• Explored NY Harbor settled New Amsterdam (later
  NY)
• Had patroonships feudal estates

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Important terms

• Scurvy
• Disease caused by lack of fresh fruit and vegs
• Plagued sailors
• Line of Demarcation
• N/S line in Atlantic drawn by Pope
• Catholic church to Christianize both sides of it

• Encomienda system
• Plantation system set up by Spanish in America
• Grew sugar, used slave labor
• Presidios
• Forts built to protect Spanish settlements from
  Indians and other countries

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Now lets talk
about

• The
• British
• Colonies

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3 types of colonies

• Joint stock
• Have a charter from the King
• Begun as a profit-making venture
• Owned and financed by various investors

• Proprietary
• Land in America given by the King to an
  individual as payment for a debt
• Royal
• Colony owned and operated/governed by the King

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JamestownEnglands first permanent colony

• Est. by the VA Comp.
• 144 settlers came and settled on James River
• No women
• Only 4 carpenters

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Hardships for Jamestown

• Diseases (Malaria)
• Not used to hard work
• Starvation
• Dependent on supplies from GB and Natives
• 1st year only 38 survivors
• 800 more came only 60 survived starving time
  of winter 1609.
• Ate rats, mice. Even resorted to cannibalism

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Governing Jamestown

• John Smith
• Forceful leader
• John Rolfe
• Est. tobacco
• industry
• Slavery introduced
• Pocahontas
• Rolfes wife
• Helped with Indian
• relations

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Jamestown in peril

• Tobacco successfully cultivated
• Slavery introduced, but
• VA Co. goes into debt
• Charter is revoked
• VA becomes first Royal Colony
• Appointed a Governor Sir William Berkeley

• Berkeley
• Policies favored large planters, antagonized
  backwoods farmers on VAs western frontier
• Burned to ground b/c Bacons Rebellion

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Bacons Rebellion

• Many settlers instead of buying land, tried to
  take it from the Indians.
• In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon raised an army to fight
  the Indians.
• Rebelled against Berkeleys govt too
• Governor declared him a rebel gathered an army
• Berkeley died of dysentery and rebels army
  collapsed
• Bacon burned J-town.
• He controlled VA, but died.

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Importance of Bacons Rebellion

• 1.) Sharp class differences between wealthy
  planters and landless/poor farmers
• 2.) Colonial resistance to royal control

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Early VA characterized by

• Growth of tidewater aristocracy
• Arrival of the cavaliers
• Misrule of Governor Berkeley
• Cultivation of tobacco

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The Roanoke Disaster

• Walter Raleigh tried twice to start a colony on
  Roanoke Island (1580s).
• Along coast of North Carolina
• 1st attempt settlers facing starvation returned
  home
• 2nd attempt settlers disappeared
• Were they defeated by the Indiansdid they join
  themno one knows.

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Plymouth Colony

• Joint Stock
• Jamestown est. for economic reasons, Plymouth
  est. by religious separatists
• AKA PURITANS
• The PILGRIMS, came on the .
• MAYFLOWER (1620)
• Signed Mayflower Compact
• First written governing doc. of our nation!
• Laws made by majority all would obey

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Plymouth Colony, cont.

• ½ settlers died by Spring
• Squanto corn
• Deep faith and determination helped them
  survive
• THANKSGIVING!
• Leader
• William Bradford
• Became part of Mass. Bay Colony.

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Massachusetts Bay Colony

• Started as joint stock, 1630
• Many came b/c of GREAT MIGRATION
• Home to many Puritans, City on a Hill
• Wanted to purify Church of England
• Under Calvinist leaders, became a theocracy
  (whats that)?
• Church is paramount in all decisions, political
  and religious.

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Mass Bay, cont.

• Ironic - Religious intolerance
• Banished if dont agree
• Dissident founded many other colonies
• First English Colony to est. basis of
  representative govt
• No ______ without ______!

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Other colonies Connecticut New Hamp
Maine.

• New Hampshire Maine
• 2 Englishmen given a govt grant to areas north
  of Mass., divided land
• New Hampshire
• Founder John Wheelwright (expelled)
• Joint stock, then royal
• Maine part of Mass Bay Colony until 1820.

• Joint stock
• Founder Thomas Hooker
• Religion less imp. Than commerce
• First to write a Constitution

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Other ColoniesRhode Island

• Joint Stock
• Founder Roger Williams
• Banished from Mass b/c wanted sep. of church
  state
• Est. Providence (later RI)
• Bought land from Indians!

• Was unique
• Recognized rights of N. Americans and paid them
  for land
• Complete religious toleration all allowed to come
  and worship
• Religious refugees came
• 1663, Parliament granted free religion charter

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Halfway Covenant

• Mid 17th cent, a generation has gone by since
  first Puritans came to NE.
• New generation seemed less committed to religion
  more interested in .
• Halfway Covenant offered by some clergymen to
  those who professed limited religious commitment.
• People could now participate without declaration
  their total belief in JC.

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New England Confederation

• Plymouth, Mass Bay, Connecticut New Haven
• Formed a military alliance from threat of
  Natives.
• Lasted until 1684
• Crown ended it.
• Est. a precedent to take unified action against
  Natives.

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King Phillips War

• Metacom (King Philip, in Eng.)
  leader of the Algonquin people.
• United many tribes in Southern
  New England against English
  settlers.
• Vicious War (1675-76)
• Thousands killed on both sides
• Dozens towns/villages burned
• English struck back.
• Metacom was caught and killed
• Head placed on display in Boston.
• Significance
• Virtually ended Indian resistance
  in New
  England.

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The Middle and Southern Colonies
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Middle Colonies

• Included New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and
  Delaware.
• In middle of the Atlantic coast of North America.
• New York was very diverse

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The Middle ColoniesNew York

• Est. by Dutch Joint Stock
• Then GB Proprietary, became English colony
  through conquest
• England Holland in war over N.Amer fur trade
• Duke of York given a fleet by brother King
  Charles II to capture New Netherland
• Did in 1664 named for him after capture
• Ethnically diverse area

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Middle ColoniesNew Jersey Delaware

• New Jersey
• Also Dutch Joint Stock then GB proprietary
• Originally owned by Duke York too, gave it to
  other rich guys
• Delaware
• Proprietary
• Started by Swedes, taken by Dutch, then taken by
  English.
• Also owned by Duke of York, later purchased by
  William Penn
• Scared Penn was land-locked

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Middle ColoniesPennsylvania

• Proprietary William Penn given grant for
  settlement
• Founded as sanctuary for Quakers
• Passive resistance
• Non-paid clergy
• Equality for women
• Simple meeting houses

• Very democratic
• No military service
• Anti-slavery
• No paid clergy
• No swearing oaths to King
• Most successful and diverse of all 13 colonies
• Philly City of Brotherly Love

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Southern Colonies

• Virginia, Maryland, Carolinas, Georgia
  
• Maryland (Proprietary)
• Refuge for Catholics by Lord Baltimore
• Bicameral legislature est.
• Religious probs b/t Cath and Christians
• 1649 Maryland Toleration Acts
• Freedom of worship for Christians

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Southern ColoniesCarolinas

• Carolinas (Proprietary)
• Land reward for those who restored monarchy after
  English Civil War
• Religious and political freedom but slavery?
• Tobacco Tarheels
• Not indentured servitude
• Proprietors had investments in slave trade
• 1729 Split in two
• SC thought better than NC
• Better harbors grew sugar, rice indigo

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Southern ColoniesGeorgia

• Proprietary
• Started as a Penal colony by James Ogelthorpe
• Rum, Catholics and Slaves prohibited!
• In the beginning
• Originally a haven for those who had been jailed
  in England b/c they couldnt pay their debts.