The New Republic

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Chapter 6

• The New Republic

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Sec. 1 Govt. Party Politics

• New York, 1789 George Washington inaugurated
  into office
• Unanimous vote of electoral college (John Adams
  VP)
• Great dignity and strong personality
• Role of new government still not determined
• Capital - NY to Philadelphia for 10 years
• New capital District of Columbia DC LEnfant
  designed city to display power and authority
• Washingtons administration set precedents
• Cabinet Jefferson (State), Hamilton (Treasury),
  Knox (War), Randolph (Attorney General)

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Hamiltons Plan

• Jefferson domestic affairs great diplomat and
  leader distrusted govt.
• Judiciary Act 1789 Set up federal court system
  (13 federal courts, 3 circuit (appeals) courts
  and 6-member Supreme Court) John Jay (first
  Chief Justice)
• Hamilton favored strong national gov.
  believed it could accomplish great things
• Alexander Hamilton (Fed.) proposed plan to
  strengthen national power develop a commercial
  and industrial economy

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Hamiltons Plan cont.

• Pay off national state debts
• Would restore credit and establish
  trustworthiness abroad
• Proposed excise taxes and high tariffs
• Placed tax on whiskey
• Hoped to pay off slowly so countries would take
  continued interest in U.S. (long term investment)
• Bank of U.S. established 1791

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Hamiltons Plan cont.

• Loose construction of the Constitution broad
  interpretation could do anything unless it said
  you CANT!
• Alarmed critics (Jefferson) strict construction
  of Constitution only those powers stated in
  Constitution no stretching of powers
• Believed Federalists had betrayed the Revolution

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Opponents of Hamiltons plan

• Resented federal power new taxes, tariffs, Bank
  of U.S.
• Seemed like a return to the British monarchy
  alarmed people
• Jefferson eventually resigned his post

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Whiskey Rebellion

• Many farmers refused to pay whiskey tax
• Followed the tradition of Stamp Act and Shays
  Rebellion attacked collectors
• Washington Hamilton determined to stop the
  rebellion gathered troops and marched on W.
  Pennsylvania rebellion dissolved
• Showed world that govt. would enforce the laws
  (unlike Shays Rebellion)

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Two Party System

• Whiskey Rebellion highlighted tensions
• Emerged into two parties
• Federalists Hamilton, Adams northern merchants
• Democratic-Republicans Jefferson, Madison
  farmers
• But supporters from all parts of country

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Section 2 Foreign Policy

• British had kept forts Ohio River, Great Lakes
  made U.S. mad
• Gave weapons to Indians to resist our expansion
• Battle of Fallen Timbers General Anthony Wayne
  defeated Native Americans
• Treaty of Greenville - opened N.W. Territory

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French Revolution - 1789

• Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
• Deteriorated into a reign of terror where
  thousands lost their lives, including King Louis
  XVI and Marie Antoinette
• Divided U.S.
• Federalists opposed it as extremist anarchists
  who would destroy society

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French Revolution cont.

• Democratic Republicans supported it as an
  extension of the Am. Rev., Republican ideals
  applauded its rejection of kings
• Americans torn between British who ruled the
  seas, or France who had helped us in the
  Revolution
• Chose neutrality remained U.S. policy for a
  century

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Treaties with Britain and Spain

• Washington decides to improve relations with
  Britain
• Jay Treaty - Removed remaining British
  troops/forts in NW territory, expand trade w/GB
• Americans furious a betrayal of France,
  sell-out to British
• Pinckney Treaty with Spain guaranteed shipping
  rights on Miss. River established northern
  boundary of Florida

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Washingtons Farewell

• After 2 terms set precedent and stepped down
• Achievements Indian defeat, western lands
  opened for settlement, Whiskey rebellion
  suppressed, kept nation out of war, improved
  economy and foreign trade, helped pay national
  debt
• Farewell Address warned against entangling
  alliances and political parties

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Foreign Policy

• John Adams 2nd Pres (Federalist) lacked
  prestige of GW faced growing divisions in U.S.
• Drift towards war w/France angry over Jays
  treaty w/Britain began seizing Am. ships
• XYZ Affair Adams sent officials to Paris, met
  by officials demanding bribe (250K) and loan of
  10 million outraged Americans, Millions for
  defense but not one cent for tribute.
• Undeclared war, fired on, seized ships
• Adams keeps us out of major war w/France

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Alien and Sedition Acts

• Alien Pres. could imprison or deport immigrants
  who criticized govt.
• Most immigrants supported Dem-Rep.(why?)
• Sedition Made it a crime for citizens who
  published or said anything false, scandalous
  about the govt.
• Silenced much Republican opposition with this

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VA and KY Resolutions

• Response to A S acts Rep. believed they
  violated Constitutional right to free speech
• VA KY Resolutions declared the Sedition Act
  unconstitutional
• Nullification is a defiance of federal power
• Growing tensions in U.S. State power vs.
  Federal power is a sign of things to come...

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Election of 1800

• Jefferson wins election against Adams
• Aaron Burr, running mate got same number of votes
• Went to the House to decide
• Hamilton (congressman) preferred Jefferson so
  swayed vote to him
• Later Burr killed Hamilton in a duel for
  slandering him

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Section 3 - Jefferson

• Election of 1800 a revolution in government
  principles according to Jefferson
• Known now as Jeffersonian Republicans or
  Republicans (NOT the modern Republican party)
• Reduced military, streamlined government
  bureaucracy, increased trade, sale of western
  lands
• More common style than the aristocratic
  Federalists, but Jefferson was wealthy, educated
  and refined

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The Marshall Court

• John Marshall new Chief Justice
• Helped build prestige and power of Court
• Established judicial review in Marbury v. Madison
  courts can determine constitutionality of laws
• Established federal authority over state
  authority
• Gibbons v. Ogden, McCulloch v. Maryland
• Loose constructionist - increased power of court
  tremendously not stated anywhere in Constitution

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Louisiana Purchase - 1803

• Napoleon sold all French claims to U.S. for 15
  million Louisiana Purchase
• Jefferson concerned over the purchase and
  spending public funds
• Contradicted his principles about govt. power but
  signed anyway doubled size of the U.S.
• Lewis Clark expedition 2 years, reached
  Pacific helped by Sacajawea

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Foreign Troubles

• British began kidnapping American sailors to
  serve in British military impressment (at war
  with France) interfering with trade also
• Embargo of 1807 as punishment outlawed trade w/
  foreign countries
• New Englanders hated embargo bankrupted
  merchants, hurt farmers who couldnt export
• Embargo backfired
• Hurt his 2nd term, retired to Monticello unpopular

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Section 4 War of 1812

• More battles w/Native Americans Americans
  believed GB supplying weapons
• Tecumseh defeated at Tippecanoe
• War Hawks Clay and Calhoun called for war
  against GB (impressments of American sailors) to
  restore national honor
• Federalists dont want war with GB (why?)

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War of 1812 cont

• War breaks out 1812
• Early defeats for Americans
• Disastrous invasion of Canada
• Navy did surprisingly well though
• Battle of Lake Erie victory for U.S.
• Andrew Jackson crushed Creek Indians of Alabama,
  killed Tecumseh, invaded Florida and defeated
  Seminole Indians

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War of 1812 cont.

• Major attacks by British (including New Orleans)
• Burned White House (Madison flees Dolly saves
  picture of George) Capitol
• Ft. McHenry (Baltimore) Francis Scott Key wrote
  Star Spangled Banner
• Americans win on Lake Champlain

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Cont.

• Treaty of Ghent ended war 1815
• Not all supported war (Federalists) capital
  burned, treasury depleted, trade stopped due to
  blockade (Mr. Madisons war)
• Andrew Jacksons important battle of New Orleans
  two weeks after treaty! Created illusion that
  this had led to British defeat
• Hartford Convention 1814 Federalists had looked
  weak defeatist in opposing war wanted to
  consider leaving nation (secession)

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Post War - results

• Surge of national pride (nationalism)
• Nation grows settlement spreads west
• End of Federalist party (for favoring GB)
• Settlers going into Florida too, conflicts with
  Seminoles fugitive slaves heading to Florida
• Spain cedes Florida to U.S. Adams Onis Treaty
  of 1819 US now larger/stronger
• War showed the nation would endure