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CHAPTER 6 LAUNCHING THE NEW NATION

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Title: CHAPTER 6 LAUNCHING THE NEW NATION


1
CHAPTER 6LAUNCHING THE NEW NATION
  • SECTION 1-WASHINGTON HEADS THE NEW GOVT
  • SECTION 2-FOREIGN AFFAIRS TROUBLE THE NATION
  • SECTION 3-JEFFERSON ALTERS THE NATIONS COURSE
  • SECTION 4-THE WAR OF 1812

2
SECTION 1-Washington Heads the New Govt
  • George Washington had no desire to be the
    president after the Constitutional Convention he
    wanted to retire to his home in Mt. Vernon,
    Virginia.
  • The American people had different ideas and
    Washington was the unanimous choice for the first
    presidential election in 1789. He reluctantly
    accepted.

3
  • One of the 1st things that Washington and
    Congress did was to create a judicial system.
  • The Judiciary Act of 1789 provided for a Supreme
    Court with 6 judges, federal circuit courts, and
    federal district courts.
  • It also stated that federal laws were the
    supreme law of the land in cases involving
    state disputes of constitutional issues.

4
GEORGE WASHINGTON1789-1797
5
  • When Washington took office, the executive branch
    only consisted of the Pres and VP.
  • To help these leaders govern, Congress approved
    the Dept of State (foreign affairs), Dept of War
    (military affairs), and Dept of Treasury
    (financial affairs)
  • Washington chose Thomas Jefferson, Henry Knox,
    and Alexander Hamilton to be in charge of these
    depts.
  • These men were the presidents advisors, Cabinet.

6
Hamilton and Jefferson were both brilliant men,
but both had very different political views and
often disagreed.
7
Hamilton vs. Jefferson
  • Hamilton believed that govt should be led by the
    prosperous, educated, upper-class.
  • He believed that trade and industry were the keys
    to a strong nation with a strong natl govt.
  • He also proposed a plan to manage the countrys
    debts and established a natl banking system.
  • Hamilton found favor with Northern states.
  • Jefferson distrusted a strong natl govt.
  • He favored strong state and local govts.
  • He favored a society based on farmer-citizens.
  • Jeffersons views won support in the Southern and
    Western states.

8
  • Hamiltons natl banking system proposed to pay
    off foreign debts and issue bonds.
  • Also, he believed that the federal govt should
    absorb state debts so that creditors would be
    willing to support the new govt.
  • The Bank of the US (BUS) would issue paper and
    handle govt funds.

9
  • Many people argued that the BUS would tie the
    govt too close to wealthy business interests.
  • In order to gain support for the BUS in the
    South, Hamilton proposed that the nations
    capitol be moved to the South-between VA and MD.
  • Southerners agreed and the capitol was created in
    Washington, D.C.

10
Washington, D.C.Plans proposed by Pierre
LEnfant, Andrew Ellicott and Benjamin Banneker
11
  • Washington tried to solve the differences between
    Hamilton and Jefferson, but was unable.
  • This gave rise to the nations first political
    parties and the two party system.
  • Hamiltons supporters were called the
    Federalists, while Jeffersons called themselves
    the Democratic-Republicans.

12
  • During Washingtons 2nd term, an event occurred
    that showed the tension between federal and
    regional values.
  • In 1789 Congress had passed a protective tariff
    (tax on imported goods) and an excise tax on the
    manufacture of whiskey.
  • Since whiskey is made from corn, farmers were
    hurt the most by the new tax.

13
  • Farmers in PA refused to pay the tax and
    threatened to secede from the Union.
  • The Whiskey Rebellion was eventually put down by
    15,000 militiamen without the loss of life.

14
Homework
  • Read pages 188-189.
  • On a piece of notebook paper, answer the
    following questions
  • What was the difference b/t a country and city
    education?
  • How did schooling for girls differ from boys?
  • What types of work did young boys and girls do?
  • How did many young people spend their leisure
    time?
  • What were common causes of death for children in
    the 18th and 19th century?
  • From the Revolution to WWI, how young were some
    boys in the military?
  • Colonial law forbade the execution of children
    under _____.
  • What is capital punishment?
  • When and where was the first time the workday for
    children under the age of 12 limited to 10 hours?
  • Relate any of the content in this reading to a
    current event, and explain how it relates.

15
SECTION 2-Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation
  • After the American Revolution, the French also
    began a revolution of their own to overthrow the
    monarchy.
  • The French also declared war on England.
  • Dem-Rep wanted to support France and Fed wanted
    to back the British.
  • Pres Washington decided on neutrality-to support
    neither side.

16
  • The British began intercepting US ships they
    believed were bound for France and impressing
    their sailors (taking sailors captive and forcing
    them to serve the British).
  • This was intended to hurt the French, but hurt
    the US ability to trade.

17
  • Chief Justice John Jay negotiated a treaty with
    England so that they would give up land in the
    Northwest and leave the Caribbean open for free
    trade.

18
  • In 1796 Washington retired from the presidency
    after two terms.
  • Fed nominated John Adams (Pres) and Thomas
    Pinckney (VP).
  • Dem-Rep nominated Thomas Jefferson (Pres) and
    Aaron Burr (VP).
  • Adams became Pres and Jefferson became VP. This
    meant Pres and VP were from opposing political
    parties.

19
  • This election showed the degree of sectionalism
    in the country because the North had voted for
    Adams and the South had voted for Jefferson.
  • Shortly after the election the French became
    angry about Jays Treaty and seized American
    ships.
  • The French (through the use of secret agents
    calling themselves X, Y, Z) demanded bribes in
    order to stop the problem.
  • Pres Adams solved the XYZ Affair by using
    diplomacy.

20
  • Despite his efforts, Adams was criticized and
    accused of favoring immigrants.
  • The Fed passed the Alien and Sedition Acts.
  • These acts made it harder for immigrants to
    become citizens (requirements were raised from 5
    to 14 yrs) and handed out harsher punishments for
    people who criticized the govt.
  • The President could also deport or jail anyone
    considered undesirable.

21
  • KY and VA refused to abide by the acts. They
    acted on the idea of nullification-that states
    could refuse to obey federal laws they believed
    unconstitutional.

22
SECTION 3-Jefferson Alters the Nations Course
  • The Pres election of 1800 was a huge struggle b/t
    Jefferson (Dem-Rep) and J. Adams (Fed).
  • Aaron Burr, who was Jeffersons running mate
    actually tied Jefferson in the electoral college,
    but the HoR voted to break the tie. Jefferson won
    the tie.

23
John Adams
Thomas Jefferson
Aaron Burr
24
  • This event led Congress to realize that they
    needed to change the electoral system.
  • They passed the 12th Amendment which called for
    electors to cast separate ballots for Pres and VP.

25
Shortly after losing the election, Aaron Burr
read comments made about him by Alexander
Hamilton, his longtime political enemy.Burr,
hoping for publicity, challenged Hamilton to a
duel.Usually, after a challenge was made
differences were reconciled, but Hamilton and
Burr did not resolve their differences and
decided to duel.
26
Burr vs. Hamilton
  • The most famous duel in American history, the
    Burr-Hamilton duel arose from a long-standing
    political and personal rivalry that had developed
    between both men over a course of years. Tensions
    reached a bursting point with Hamilton's
    journalistic defamation of Burr's character
    during the 1804 New York gubernatorial race in
    which Burr was a candidate. Fought at a time when
    the practice of dueling was being outlawed in the
    northern United States, the duel had immense
    political ramifications. Burr, who survived the
    duel, would be indicted for murder in both New
    York and New Jersey (though these charges were
    either later dismissed or resulted in acquittal),
    and the harsh criticism and animosity directed
    towards him would bring about an end to his
    political career and force him into a
    self-imposed exile. Further, Hamilton's untimely
    death would fatally weaken the fledgling remnants
    of the Federalists which, following with the
    death of George Washington (1732-1799) five years
    earlier, was left without a strong leader.

27
  • President Jefferson believed that the govt,
    especially the Presidency should be accessible to
    the people.
  • He even walked to his inauguration instead of
    riding in a carriage and oftentimes received
    visitors in his robes, slippers, and not wearing
    a powdered wig!!!!!!

28
  • Jefferson tried to shrink the natl govt and cut
    costs wherever possible.
  • He drastically reduced the size of the military,
    cut costs for govt social functions, and
    eliminated all internal taxes.
  • Jefferson was the 1st President to take up
    residence in the new capitol of D.C.
  • He and the next 2 Presidents (Madison Monroe)
    would also be from the South (Virginia).

29
  • As Fed became less influential in both the exec.
    and leg. branches, they became more powerful in
    the jud. branch.
  • John Marshall, a strong Fed decided on many cases
    that would greatly strengthen the powers of the
    Supreme Court.
  • In the Judiciary Act of 1801 the of federal
    courts was increased.
  • In the case of Marbury v. Madison (1803) the SC
    was given the power of judicial review, to
    declare acts of Congress unconstitutional.

30
John Marshall
31
  • In 1800, Napoleon Bonaparte convinced Spain to
    give France the Louisiana territory, which it had
    received in 1762.
  • In 1803 Napoleon offered to sell the entire
    Louisiana territory to the U.S.
  • The land was sold for 15 million.
  • With the Louisiana Purchase the size of the U.S.
    doubled in size!

32
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33
  • After the purchase, Jefferson appointed
    Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the
    Louisiana territories.
  • The expedition was called the Corps of Discovery
    and would explore from St. Louis to the Pacific
    coast.
  • The expedition would take 2 yrs and the Corps
    gained scientific knowledge about unknown plants,
    animals, and Indian tribes.

34
Captain Meriwether Lewis
"Lewis' First Glimpse of the Rockies"by Olaf
Seltzer
Captain William Clark
35
Lewis and Clark's Outbound Route Shown in Red,
Inbound in Blue
Captains Meriwether Lewis and William Clark and
31 other persons comprised the Permanent Party
of the 1804-1806 Lewis and Clark Expedition.
Although many individuals were associated with
the military cadre during its 1803-1804 initial
stages of travel from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to
Fort Mandan, North Dakota, only those 33 members
who journeyed from Fort Mandan to Fort Clatsop,
Oregon, and returned comprised the Permanent
Party. In addition, there was a 34th member
Seaman, Captain Lewis dogg of the Newfoundland
breed.
36
Sacagawea, with the infant Jean Baptiste, was the
only woman to accompany the 33 members of the
permanent party to the Pacific Ocean and back.
Baptiste, who Captain Clark affectionately named
Pomp or Pompy for his little dancing boy
frolicking, rode with Sacagawea in the boats and
on her back when they traveled on horseback. Her
activities as a member of the Corps included
digging for roots, collecting edible plants and
picking berries all of these were used as food
and sometimes, as medicine. On May 14, 1805, the
boat Sacagawea was riding in was hit by a high
wind and nearly capsized. She recovered many
important papers and supplies that would
otherwise have been lost, and her calmness under
duress earned the compliments of the captains.
Sacagawea Statue (Bismarck, ND)
37
Discoveries
38
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39
SECTION 4-The War of 1812
  • Despite the agreements that the U.S., France, and
    England had come to, both France and England
    continued seizing American ships and impressing
    their crews into the navy.
  • Jefferson put an embargo on foreign trade with
    the 2 countries.

40
  • Meanwhile, Gen. William Henry Harrison convinced
    several Indian chiefs to give up 3 million acres
    of land to the U.S. govt.
  • Several chiefs, including Tecumseh, believed they
    should form a confederation to protect Indian
    lands.
  • Tecumseh also began negotiating with the British
    for assistance and encouraging support from
    Indian tribes in the Midwest.
  • Tribes began attacking American troops and they
    were defeated.

41
Tecumseh
William Henry Harrison
42
  • Several young, Southern Congressmen known as war
    hawks demanded war against England.
  • In 1808 James Madison became the Pres and decided
    to go to war in 1812.
  • The first couple of years did not go well for the
    Americans.
  • By 1814 the British had reached D.C. and burned
    down the White House.

43
  • At the same time, Gen. Andrew Jackson was gaining
    huge victories over Indian tribes located in the
    South.
  • Ironically, Jacksons greatest victory occurred
    after the war was over at the Battle of New
    Orleans.
  • Unknown to Jackson, diplomats from England and
    the U.S. met and signed the Treaty of Ghent and
    declared armistice.

44
Battle of New Orleans
45
  • The Treaty of Ghent did not grant any official
    land gains to the US, but is did keep the
    Mississippi River and the frontier open,
    encouraging western migration.
  • It also showed that the US could defend itself
    against foreign powers.
  • Perhaps most importantly, the War of 1812 helped
    produce a stronger sense of national identity
    among US citizens.
  • People felt a great amount of pride after
    standing up to the mighty Britishagain!
  • Another benefit was the boom in American-made
    products.

46
An artist's rendering of the battle at Fort
McHenry, where Francis Scott Key was inspired to
write "The Star-Spangled Banner.
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