Title: CHAPTER 6 LAUNCHING THE NEW NATION
1CHAPTER 6LAUNCHING THE NEW NATION
- SECTION 1-WASHINGTON HEADS THE NEW GOVT
- SECTION 2-FOREIGN AFFAIRS TROUBLE THE NATION
- SECTION 3-JEFFERSON ALTERS THE NATIONS COURSE
- SECTION 4-THE WAR OF 1812
2SECTION 1-Washington Heads the New Govt
- George Washington had no desire to be the
president after the Constitutional Convention he
wanted to retire to his home in Mt. Vernon,
Virginia. - The American people had different ideas and
Washington was the unanimous choice for the first
presidential election in 1789. He reluctantly
accepted.
3- One of the 1st things that Washington and
Congress did was to create a judicial system. - The Judiciary Act of 1789 provided for a Supreme
Court with 6 judges, federal circuit courts, and
federal district courts. - It also stated that federal laws were the
supreme law of the land in cases involving
state disputes of constitutional issues.
4GEORGE WASHINGTON1789-1797
5- When Washington took office, the executive branch
only consisted of the Pres and VP. - To help these leaders govern, Congress approved
the Dept of State (foreign affairs), Dept of War
(military affairs), and Dept of Treasury
(financial affairs) - Washington chose Thomas Jefferson, Henry Knox,
and Alexander Hamilton to be in charge of these
depts. - These men were the presidents advisors, Cabinet.
6Hamilton and Jefferson were both brilliant men,
but both had very different political views and
often disagreed.
7Hamilton vs. Jefferson
- Hamilton believed that govt should be led by the
prosperous, educated, upper-class. - He believed that trade and industry were the keys
to a strong nation with a strong natl govt. - He also proposed a plan to manage the countrys
debts and established a natl banking system. - Hamilton found favor with Northern states.
- Jefferson distrusted a strong natl govt.
- He favored strong state and local govts.
- He favored a society based on farmer-citizens.
- Jeffersons views won support in the Southern and
Western states.
8- Hamiltons natl banking system proposed to pay
off foreign debts and issue bonds. - Also, he believed that the federal govt should
absorb state debts so that creditors would be
willing to support the new govt. - The Bank of the US (BUS) would issue paper and
handle govt funds.
9- Many people argued that the BUS would tie the
govt too close to wealthy business interests. - In order to gain support for the BUS in the
South, Hamilton proposed that the nations
capitol be moved to the South-between VA and MD. - Southerners agreed and the capitol was created in
Washington, D.C.
10Washington, D.C.Plans proposed by Pierre
LEnfant, Andrew Ellicott and Benjamin Banneker
11- Washington tried to solve the differences between
Hamilton and Jefferson, but was unable. - This gave rise to the nations first political
parties and the two party system. - Hamiltons supporters were called the
Federalists, while Jeffersons called themselves
the Democratic-Republicans.
12- During Washingtons 2nd term, an event occurred
that showed the tension between federal and
regional values. - In 1789 Congress had passed a protective tariff
(tax on imported goods) and an excise tax on the
manufacture of whiskey. - Since whiskey is made from corn, farmers were
hurt the most by the new tax.
13- Farmers in PA refused to pay the tax and
threatened to secede from the Union. - The Whiskey Rebellion was eventually put down by
15,000 militiamen without the loss of life.
14Homework
- Read pages 188-189.
- On a piece of notebook paper, answer the
following questions - What was the difference b/t a country and city
education? - How did schooling for girls differ from boys?
- What types of work did young boys and girls do?
- How did many young people spend their leisure
time? - What were common causes of death for children in
the 18th and 19th century? - From the Revolution to WWI, how young were some
boys in the military? - Colonial law forbade the execution of children
under _____. - What is capital punishment?
- When and where was the first time the workday for
children under the age of 12 limited to 10 hours? - Relate any of the content in this reading to a
current event, and explain how it relates.
15SECTION 2-Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation
- After the American Revolution, the French also
began a revolution of their own to overthrow the
monarchy. - The French also declared war on England.
- Dem-Rep wanted to support France and Fed wanted
to back the British. - Pres Washington decided on neutrality-to support
neither side.
16- The British began intercepting US ships they
believed were bound for France and impressing
their sailors (taking sailors captive and forcing
them to serve the British). - This was intended to hurt the French, but hurt
the US ability to trade.
17- Chief Justice John Jay negotiated a treaty with
England so that they would give up land in the
Northwest and leave the Caribbean open for free
trade.
18- In 1796 Washington retired from the presidency
after two terms. - Fed nominated John Adams (Pres) and Thomas
Pinckney (VP). - Dem-Rep nominated Thomas Jefferson (Pres) and
Aaron Burr (VP). - Adams became Pres and Jefferson became VP. This
meant Pres and VP were from opposing political
parties.
19- This election showed the degree of sectionalism
in the country because the North had voted for
Adams and the South had voted for Jefferson. - Shortly after the election the French became
angry about Jays Treaty and seized American
ships. - The French (through the use of secret agents
calling themselves X, Y, Z) demanded bribes in
order to stop the problem. - Pres Adams solved the XYZ Affair by using
diplomacy.
20- Despite his efforts, Adams was criticized and
accused of favoring immigrants. - The Fed passed the Alien and Sedition Acts.
- These acts made it harder for immigrants to
become citizens (requirements were raised from 5
to 14 yrs) and handed out harsher punishments for
people who criticized the govt. - The President could also deport or jail anyone
considered undesirable.
21- KY and VA refused to abide by the acts. They
acted on the idea of nullification-that states
could refuse to obey federal laws they believed
unconstitutional.
22SECTION 3-Jefferson Alters the Nations Course
- The Pres election of 1800 was a huge struggle b/t
Jefferson (Dem-Rep) and J. Adams (Fed). - Aaron Burr, who was Jeffersons running mate
actually tied Jefferson in the electoral college,
but the HoR voted to break the tie. Jefferson won
the tie.
23John Adams
Thomas Jefferson
Aaron Burr
24- This event led Congress to realize that they
needed to change the electoral system. - They passed the 12th Amendment which called for
electors to cast separate ballots for Pres and VP.
25Shortly after losing the election, Aaron Burr
read comments made about him by Alexander
Hamilton, his longtime political enemy.Burr,
hoping for publicity, challenged Hamilton to a
duel.Usually, after a challenge was made
differences were reconciled, but Hamilton and
Burr did not resolve their differences and
decided to duel.
26Burr vs. Hamilton
- The most famous duel in American history, the
Burr-Hamilton duel arose from a long-standing
political and personal rivalry that had developed
between both men over a course of years. Tensions
reached a bursting point with Hamilton's
journalistic defamation of Burr's character
during the 1804 New York gubernatorial race in
which Burr was a candidate. Fought at a time when
the practice of dueling was being outlawed in the
northern United States, the duel had immense
political ramifications. Burr, who survived the
duel, would be indicted for murder in both New
York and New Jersey (though these charges were
either later dismissed or resulted in acquittal),
and the harsh criticism and animosity directed
towards him would bring about an end to his
political career and force him into a
self-imposed exile. Further, Hamilton's untimely
death would fatally weaken the fledgling remnants
of the Federalists which, following with the
death of George Washington (1732-1799) five years
earlier, was left without a strong leader.
27- President Jefferson believed that the govt,
especially the Presidency should be accessible to
the people. - He even walked to his inauguration instead of
riding in a carriage and oftentimes received
visitors in his robes, slippers, and not wearing
a powdered wig!!!!!!
28- Jefferson tried to shrink the natl govt and cut
costs wherever possible. - He drastically reduced the size of the military,
cut costs for govt social functions, and
eliminated all internal taxes. - Jefferson was the 1st President to take up
residence in the new capitol of D.C. - He and the next 2 Presidents (Madison Monroe)
would also be from the South (Virginia).
29- As Fed became less influential in both the exec.
and leg. branches, they became more powerful in
the jud. branch. - John Marshall, a strong Fed decided on many cases
that would greatly strengthen the powers of the
Supreme Court. - In the Judiciary Act of 1801 the of federal
courts was increased. - In the case of Marbury v. Madison (1803) the SC
was given the power of judicial review, to
declare acts of Congress unconstitutional.
30John Marshall
31- In 1800, Napoleon Bonaparte convinced Spain to
give France the Louisiana territory, which it had
received in 1762. - In 1803 Napoleon offered to sell the entire
Louisiana territory to the U.S. - The land was sold for 15 million.
- With the Louisiana Purchase the size of the U.S.
doubled in size!
32(No Transcript)
33- After the purchase, Jefferson appointed
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the
Louisiana territories. - The expedition was called the Corps of Discovery
and would explore from St. Louis to the Pacific
coast. - The expedition would take 2 yrs and the Corps
gained scientific knowledge about unknown plants,
animals, and Indian tribes.
34Captain Meriwether Lewis
"Lewis' First Glimpse of the Rockies"by Olaf
Seltzer
Captain William Clark
35Lewis and Clark's Outbound Route Shown in Red,
Inbound in Blue
Captains Meriwether Lewis and William Clark and
31 other persons comprised the Permanent Party
of the 1804-1806 Lewis and Clark Expedition.
Although many individuals were associated with
the military cadre during its 1803-1804 initial
stages of travel from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to
Fort Mandan, North Dakota, only those 33 members
who journeyed from Fort Mandan to Fort Clatsop,
Oregon, and returned comprised the Permanent
Party. In addition, there was a 34th member
Seaman, Captain Lewis dogg of the Newfoundland
breed.
36Sacagawea, with the infant Jean Baptiste, was the
only woman to accompany the 33 members of the
permanent party to the Pacific Ocean and back.
Baptiste, who Captain Clark affectionately named
Pomp or Pompy for his little dancing boy
frolicking, rode with Sacagawea in the boats and
on her back when they traveled on horseback. Her
activities as a member of the Corps included
digging for roots, collecting edible plants and
picking berries all of these were used as food
and sometimes, as medicine. On May 14, 1805, the
boat Sacagawea was riding in was hit by a high
wind and nearly capsized. She recovered many
important papers and supplies that would
otherwise have been lost, and her calmness under
duress earned the compliments of the captains.
Sacagawea Statue (Bismarck, ND)
37Discoveries
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39SECTION 4-The War of 1812
- Despite the agreements that the U.S., France, and
England had come to, both France and England
continued seizing American ships and impressing
their crews into the navy. - Jefferson put an embargo on foreign trade with
the 2 countries.
40- Meanwhile, Gen. William Henry Harrison convinced
several Indian chiefs to give up 3 million acres
of land to the U.S. govt. - Several chiefs, including Tecumseh, believed they
should form a confederation to protect Indian
lands. - Tecumseh also began negotiating with the British
for assistance and encouraging support from
Indian tribes in the Midwest. - Tribes began attacking American troops and they
were defeated.
41Tecumseh
William Henry Harrison
42- Several young, Southern Congressmen known as war
hawks demanded war against England. - In 1808 James Madison became the Pres and decided
to go to war in 1812. - The first couple of years did not go well for the
Americans. - By 1814 the British had reached D.C. and burned
down the White House.
43- At the same time, Gen. Andrew Jackson was gaining
huge victories over Indian tribes located in the
South. - Ironically, Jacksons greatest victory occurred
after the war was over at the Battle of New
Orleans. - Unknown to Jackson, diplomats from England and
the U.S. met and signed the Treaty of Ghent and
declared armistice.
44Battle of New Orleans
45- The Treaty of Ghent did not grant any official
land gains to the US, but is did keep the
Mississippi River and the frontier open,
encouraging western migration. - It also showed that the US could defend itself
against foreign powers. - Perhaps most importantly, the War of 1812 helped
produce a stronger sense of national identity
among US citizens. - People felt a great amount of pride after
standing up to the mighty Britishagain! - Another benefit was the boom in American-made
products.
46An artist's rendering of the battle at Fort
McHenry, where Francis Scott Key was inspired to
write "The Star-Spangled Banner.