SHAPING A NEW NATION

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SHAPING A NEW NATION

• Chapter 5
• AMERICAN HISTORY

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EXPERIMENTING WITH THE CONSTITUTION

• Republic- Citizens rule though elected officials
• Republicanism- political leaders received from
  the citizens (consent of the governed) their
  authority to make and enforce laws.- (Pg-133)
• Civic Virtue- A citizens capacity for
  selflessness, self-sufficiency, courage and Civic
  Involvement. (pg 133-134)
• Influenced by Enlightenment John Locke and Adam
  Smith
• Natural Rights- Life, Liberty, and Property
• Role of Government is to protect these rights
• ADAM SMITH- public would benefit from
  self-interest???

• Between 1776 and 1780 most states WROTE State
  Constitutions- pg 132
• States were reluctant to unite under a strong
  central government- Why?
• Drafted and ratified new state constitutions
• Limited the power of the state governments
• Guaranteed specific Rights
• Established voting rights- white, male,
  landowners- WOMEN/AFRICAN AMERICANS
• REPUBLICAN MOTHERHOOD
• EMPHASIZED LIBERTY NOT EQUALITY

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Articles of Confederation

• Restrict the powers of the governor
• One year terms
• Denied the power to overturn laws
• Three branches of government
• Legislature- Made the Laws
• Judicial- Interpret
• Executive- Carry them out
• Elected, not appointed
• Limited the power of the executive
• Elected officials given more power
• SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE

• ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATON
• Representation- Equal or based on Population
• Supreme power or Divided Power
• Articles of Confederation
• Confederation-
• Powers of the Articles of Confederation (National
  Government)- Pg 135
• Western Lands
• State Land Claims
• Governing the Western Lands
• Land Ordinance of 1785
• Northwest Ordinance 187
• Steps to Statehood-- page 135
• Go over the three steps

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ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
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The Confederation Encounters Problems

• Financial Problems- Page 136
• Large war debts had to be paid- Government did
  not have the power to tax.
• Soldiers went unpaid for years- Tried to Amend
  the Articles of Confederation to give them the
  power to tax- This attempt failed- WHY?
• Problems with States
• Congress had little power over the states- States
  could make their own treaties, control commerce
  between states, No federal Judicial System, only
  state courts. Several problems- Page 136
• Problems with Foreign Nations
• British continued to occupy forts in NW
  Territory/ Dealing with the Spanish- New Orleans
  and Florida/ Problems paying off debts
• Economic Problems
• Trade with and Commerce with Britain was limited/
  Paper money continued to cause inflation/
  debtors vs creditors see chart on page 137

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DRAFTING THE CONSTITUTION

• SHAYS REBELLION- Explain
• May 25, 1787- Constitutional Convention met in
  Philadelphia at Independence Hall
• 12 Of the 13 States- RI- Page 141
• Job was to Revise the Articles of Confederation
  Dis more than that
• Role of James Madison- Father of the Constitution
• Delegates agreed to keep the proceedings secret.
  Why?
• 54 delegates- George Washington was presiding
  officer
• Most had helped to write state constitutions
• All had held public office
• Generally wealthy and well educated
• Most had served in the Continental Congress

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Key Delegates at the Constitutional Convention 1
Roger Sherman 2 Alexander Hamilton 3 Benjamin
Franklin 4 James Madison 5 George Washington 6
James Wilson
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THE GREAT COMPROMISE

• A dispute quickly arose over the number of
  representatives each state should send to the
  legislature. Larger states liked the Virginia
  Plan- based on population. Smaller states
  insisted on equal representation.
• New Jersey Plan- William Patterson- called for a
  unicameral, or one house legislature. Each state
  would have one vote.
• Great Compromise- Roger Sherman- Two House
  Legislature- Upper House equal- Lower House
  based on Population
• The Great Compromise ended the most serious and
  threatening excitement of the Convention
• James Madison

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OTHER COMPROMISES

• THE THREE FIFTHS COMPROMISE
• How should slaves be counted?
• Northern point of view
• Representation- 0
• Taxation- 1
• Southern Point of View
• Representation- 1
• Taxation- 0
• Compromise
• Only three fifths of the States slave population
  would count in determining taxation and
  representation.
• Compromise
• Could levy tariffs on imports but not exports
• Slave trade protected until 1807

• DIVISION OF POWERS
• FEDERALISM- Divided Power between the national
  government and the state governments
• DELEGATED OR ENUMERATED POWERS- Powers granted to
  the federal government-
• RESERVED POWERS- Powers granted to the states.
• CONCURRENT POWERS- Powers granted to both the
  federal government and the state governments

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SEPARATION OF POWERS

• The separation of powers prevents any one branch
  from becoming too powerful.
• Legislative Branch- Makes the laws
• Executive Branch- Carries them out
• Judicial Branch- Interprets and applies the laws
• The separation of powers is upheld by a system of
  Checks and Balances that gives each branch the
  means to restrain the powers of the other two.
• ELECTORAL COLLEGE AND CHANGING THE CONSTITUTION-
  Page 144

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SYSTEM OF CHECKS AND BALANCES

• CONGRESS
• House of Representatives and the Senate
• Congress can check the powers of the President.
• Impeachment- Treason, High crimes and
  misdemeanors
• President can make treaties, Senate ratifies
  treaties 2/3rds majority
• Presidential appointments must be approved by the
  Senate
• Power of the Purse
• Override Presidential vetos with a 2/3rds
  majority

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SYSTEM OF CHECKS AND BALANCES

• PRESIDENT
• The President can curb the the powers of
  Congress.
• Veto Power
• Influence and Pressure
• Call a special session of Congress
• Adjourn Congress
• State of the Union Address
• Press conferences and speeches. BULLY PULPIT

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SYSTEM OF CHECKS AND BALANCES

• JUDICIAL BRANCH
• The courts have the power to judge laws
  unconstitutional.
• Judges are appointed by the President
• Senate must approve all judicial appointments
• Congress can impeach a judge
• Congress and President can amend the Constitution
• President has the power to pardon
• Supreme Court Judges are appointed for LIFE

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RATIFYING THE CONSTITUTION-Section III

• Read Page 145
• When the Constitution was finally published, the
  drastic changes surprised and angered many
  people. Why?
• Citizens soon divided over the issues.
• Felt that this government was too powerful
• FEDERALIST- Supporters of the Constitution
• ANTIFEDERALISTS- Opponents of the Constitution

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RATIFICATION PROCESS

• Only 9 of the 13 states were needed to ratify
• Ratified by State Conventions
• 1787- Ratification process began
• Federalist Papers- Page 146
• James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay

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ANTIFEDERALISTS VS FEDERALISTS

• FEDERALISTS
• Strong Leaders James Madison, John Dickinson and
  Alexander Hamilton
• Wealthy Merchants
• Planters Lawyers
• Supported a strong national government
• It would provide stability and security
• Believed that Separation of powers would limit
  the power of the central govt.

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ANTIFEDERALISTS VS FEDERALISTS

• ANTIFEDERALISTS
• STRONG LEADERS- Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, and
  Thomas Jefferson
• Veil of secrecy
• Destroy states rights
• New government resembled a monarchy
• Violated the principle of Liberty
• Demanded a Bill of Rights-This became the main
  focus of the anti-federal

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RATIFICATION PROCESS

• By June of 1788 nine states had ratified the
  Constitution
• New York and Virginia, the two largest state had
  not ratified
• They wanted a Bill of Rights
• Most Federalists were not against a Bill of
  Rights, they felt it was not necessary
• Read page 147-149

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THE BILL OF RIGHTS
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