The New Monarchies

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Section 2.8

• The New Monarchies

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Monarchs begin to crack Feudalism

• Guarantee protection of law
• Heredity viewed favorably
• Bourgeoisie (town people)
• Begin to tax
• Pay for large armies
• feudal law and custom
• Incorporate Roman Law for prestige
• title of majesty and sovereign

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Question What would Machiavelli think of the New
Monarchs?
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Origins, Nature, and AccomplishmentsEnglands
New Monarchy

• Parliament controlled by feudal lords (blocked
  consolidation)
• Tudors (of York) emerge victorious after War of
  Roses
• Between houses of York and Lancaster
• Had slowed trade, agriculture, industry

York
Lancaster
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Englands New Monarchy

• Henry VII (1485-1509)
• Passed laws against livery and maintenance
• Weakens Barons
• Lords prevented from maintaining private armies
  and wearing livery (family insignia)
• Passed laws favoring upper middle class
• Trade, money interests
• Star Chamber
• Kings private council
• No jury present
• Ignore parliament
• Decided property disputes, disturbances of peace
• Accepted because it kept order

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Clip for History of Britain on War of the Roses
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Frances New Monarchy

• Charles VII (1422-1461) and Louis XI of Valois
  Family
• Charles expelled English in 1453
• Except Calais
• Reorganized royal council
• Gave more power to middle class
• Built up royal army
• Established regular companies of cavalry, archers
  (paid by king)
• Controlled taxes
• Gabelle (salt tax) and Taille (land tax)
• Controlled clergy
• Concordat of Bologna
• Rescinded Pragmatic Sanction (1438)
• Had denied Pope revenue
• Pope receives annates ( from French clergymen)
• Louis gets to appoint bishops and abbots

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Spains New Monarchy

• Aragon and Castile
• Ferdinand and Isabella unite Spain through
  marriage
• True unifying force was Catholicism
• Crusade against Moors
• Inquisition served as unifying legal force
• Catholicism viewed as Spanishness
• Reconquesta-Jews and Moors expelled in 1492
• Moriscos (Muslim converts) and Marranos (Jewish
  converts) were viewed as unfaithful
• Inquisition tortured thousands
• Spain emerges as defender of the faith
• Exports Catholicism to New World
• Crusade mentality permeates society

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Holy Roman Empires New Monarchy

• Comprised of 3 States
• Princely States- hereditary dynasties
  (Brandenburg)
• Ecclesiastical- Abbacies (owned vast amounts of
  territory)
• Imperial Free Cities- (about 50) bourgeoisie
  dominated
• Imperial Knights-lords of small estates (loyal to
  HRE)
• Emperor
• Elected by Princes (fiercely independent/jealous)
• By 1452 had dwindled to 7 electors
• Elected Hapsburgs from Austria
• Rule until 1806
• Rise of Hapsburgs
• Maximilian I (1493-1519) marries heiress of
  Burgundy and Netherlands
• Their Son Philip marries Joanna of Spain (heiress
  to Ferdinand and Isabella)
• Their son Charles I inherits Austria,
  Netherlands, Burgundy, Spain, New World
• Elected HRE in 1519 as Charles V
• His brother Ferdinand in elected King of Bohemia
  and Hungary
• Fear of Universal Monarchy spreads
• Results in Balance of Power

Charles V
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Stage is Set for Revolution

• Image of Church greatly diminished
• Few reform-minded leaders in Church
• Monarchs are centralizing power
• Fear of Universal Monarchy ushers in new allies