NEW STATE STRUCTURES, NEW IDEOLOGIES

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NEW STATE STRUCTURES, NEW IDEOLOGIES

• POLITICS 1914 - PRESENT

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BUREAUCRATIC STATES

• Bureaucracies
• Technology allowed bureaucratization of
  government
• Very easy for leaders to manage large group of
  specialists
• Easy to organize state into agencies overseeing
  specific areas
• Mass State in Practice
• Common practice beginning in 19th Century
• Trained, educated specialists run government not
  aristocrats
• Policy part of the reform movements of 19th
  century
• Common to China from the Han Dynasty onwards
• Practice began in Europe after Enlightenment,
  French Revolution
• All totalitarian states are bureaucratic states
• Bureaucracies arose as a result of crises
• World Wars required absolute control of state to
  win war
• Revolutionaries need bureaucracies to manage
  state
• Great Depression required government to intervene
  in society

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THE TOTALITARIAN STATE

• Technology impacts the state
• Mass communication made mass state possible
• Near instant transportation unifies large state
• Both allow government unlimited power
• Control news, information control the state
• Mass political movements
• People across large areas mobilized quickly
• One or a few leaders can influence many people
• The total state
• The total control by the state of all aspects of
  society
• Particular to the 20th century
• Leftist USSR, Peoples Republic of China, Eastern
  Europe
• Leftist Vietnam, Cambodia, North Korea, Cuba
• Rightist Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Falangist
  Spain
• Rightist Peronist Argentina, Republican Iran,
  Baathist Iraq

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WELFARE STATE

• The end result of reform was welfare
• 19th reform sought to improve, help society
• Carried to its end one needs a welfare state
• Socialist, Populist movements
• Use the state to achieve a more equitable social
  end
• State regulated worst aspects of modern society
• State provides for welfare what people could not
• Great Depression made welfare state necessary
• Depression
• Classic government could not solve problems
• Classic economics could not overcome economic
  collapse
• Only a welfare government could provide aid
• Closely linked to Keynesian Economics
• Fiscal economics
• Tax business, peoples income to acquire money
• Regulate businesses to reduce inequalities,
  externalities
• Government spends, redistributes wealth to
  achieve equitable end
• State
• Begins to provide public services, public
  utilities

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INTERNATIONAL MARXISM

• Outgrowth of World Wars
• Classical Marxists
• Revolutions would break out when economic
  conditions right
• Society had to be at peak of industrial
  development
• Marxist-Leninists and World War I
• Changes
• Elite revolutionaries could bring about a
  revolution
• Conditions did not have to be ideal but needed
  industry
• Revolutionize, mobilize peasants is key to
  success
• Use anti-colonialism, anti-imperialism as issue
  to spread communist influence
• Communist Revolutions followed World War I
• Russia was first revolution
• Soon spread to Germany, Hungary, Finland,
  Estonia, Ukraine, Slovakia
• Strong sympathy across world including China,
  France, Spain, Vietnam
• Soviet Union
• Supported revolutions abroad to insure its
  survival
• Stalin brought all communists under his strict
  control
• Post-World War II and Decolonization
• Soviet Red Army

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NATIONALISM

• Hypernationalism
• Extreme nationalism and glorification of the
  state
• World War I
• The honor of the nation, nationalist aspirations
  led to war
• Governments fanned nationalism, hatred of others
  to win
• Racism fanned, genocide was outgrowth of this
  trend
• Nazism, Fascism glorify the ethnic state
• Many fundamentalisms today are religious
  nationalisms
• Nacient Nationalism Ideology of Nationalism,
  Nation-State Spread
• Self-determination was a key point of Wilsons 14
  Points
• Led to breakup of Austrian, Russian, Ottoman
  empires
• Encouraged hope, anger, response in colonial
  peoples
• World War II, United Nations
• Early loses by Allies, US made end of colonialism
  an issue
• Nationalism and Decolonization closely linked
• Balkanization and Multinational States
• Many states were multinational states (USSR,
  Yugoslavia, India, Africa)
• Competing nationalisms destroy multinational
  states
• Balkanization is when ethnic nationalities create
  states to small to exist

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SPREAD OF DEMOCRACY
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MAP OF POLITICAL FREEDOM
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MILITARY DICTATORSHIPS
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ONE PARTY STATES
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MONARCHIES, 2000
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THE COMMUNIST WORLD
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COMMUNISM IN RUSSIA

• Civil war, 1918-1920
• Between Bolsheviks, anticommunists (Whites),
  Greens (nationalists)
• Red Terror secret police arrested and killed
  200,000 suspected Whites
• Bolsheviks executed Tsar Nicholas II and his
  entire family, June 1918
• Despite foreign support, Red Army defeats Whites
  in 1920
• Many nationalist uprisings ended up support
  Communists against whites
• Perhaps ten million died during civil war
• Lenin's "war communism" transformed economy
• Policy included nationalizing banks, industry,
  and church holdings
• Private trade abolished peasants reduced
  production
• By 1920, industrial output at one-tenth,
  agricultural at half prewar levels
• Lenin's New Economic Policy (NEP), 1921
• Reversed war communism, restored market economy
• Returned small-scale industries to private
  ownership
• Allowed peasants to sell their surplus at free
  market
• Programs of electrification and technical schools
  were carried out
• Other Communist Revolutions
• Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Finland, Mongolia
• All crushed by Allies or allied support local
  forces

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STALINISM IN RUSSIA

• Joseph Stalin (1879-1953)
• "Man of steel" Georgian by birth, Russian
  nationalist by conviction
• Eliminated all rivals by 1928, unchallenged
  dictator of Soviet Union
• Stalin favored "socialism in one country," not
  international socialism
• Lenin felt that Russia should support, be center
  for world wide communist revolution
• Stalin felt Russia was too vulnerable, had to
  build communism in Russia first
• Rest of world communists had to support Russia as
  first communist state
• First Five-Year Plan, 1928-1932, replaced Lenin's
  NEP
• Set production quotas, central state planning of
  entire economy
• Emphasized heavy industry at expense of consumer
  goods
• Collectivization of agriculture
• States seized private farms, created large
  collective farms
• Believed to be more productive, to feed
  industrial workers
• Collectivization strongly resisted by peasants,
  especially the wealthier kulaks
• Half of farms collectivized by 1931 three
  million peasants killed or starved
• As an alternative to capitalism during the
  depression
• Soviet Union offered full employment and cheap
  housing and food
• Few luxuries or consumer goods
• The Great Purge, 1935-1938

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FASCISM

• Fascism new political ideology of 1920s
• Started in Italy also found in other countries
  around the world
• Fascism hostile to liberal democracies,
  socialism, communism, unions
• Dictator devotion to charismatic leaders
• One party state dictatorship and elite party
  replace competing parties, interests
• Secret police enforce conformity, censorship of
  media
• Sought subordination of individuals to the
  service of state
• Emphasized an extreme form of nationalism
• Veneration of the state, devotion to charismatic
  leaders
• Militarism exalted, uniforms, parades
• Church and family also emphasized
• Italian fascism
• Benito Mussolini, founder of Italian fascism,
  1919
• Armed fascist squads called Blackshirts
  terrorized socialists
• After march on Rome, Mussolini invited by king to
  be prime minister
• The fascist state in Italy
• All other political parties banned, Italy became
  a one-party dictatorship
• Supported by business, the party crushed labor
  unions, prohibited strikes
• Not aggressively anti-Semitic even after alliance
  with Hitler in 1938

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NATIONAL SOCIALISM

• Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
• Born in Austria, schooled in Vienna hated Jews
  and Marxists
• Moved to Munich and fought in German army in WWI
• 1921, joined obscure group, National Socialist
  German Workers Party
• The Struggle for Power
• Emergence of the Nazi party attempt to take over
  Weimar Republic failed Hitler jailed
• Nazis organized for a legal takeover through
  elections
• National socialism enjoyed broad appeal,
  especially from lower-middle class
• Public lost faith in democracy associated with
  defeat, depression, inflation
• 1930-1932, Nazi party became the largest in
  parliament
• 1932, President Hindenburg offered Hitler the
  chancellorship
• Rapid consolidation of power, 1933-1935
• Nazis created one-party dictatorship outlawed
  all other political parties
• Mass party, secret police, use of terror as a
  weapon of rule
• Took over judiciary, civil service, military
• Nazi ideology
• Cult of the leader to replace all religion
• Women praised as wives and mothers were
  discouraged from working
• Cult of motherhood propaganda campaign to
  increase births was unsuccessful

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POST-WORLD WAR I

• Versailles A Great Disappointment
• Italy, China, Japan slighted at conference
  radicalization
• Allies ignored requests of colonies for rights
• Indian contributions ignored only radicalized
  situation in India
• Indian National Congress and Gandhi intensify
  efforts against British
• Satyagraha , Swaraj movements in India sought
  autonomy, independence
• Africa
• Returning soldiers become active in local
  politics
• Rise of educated middle class who seek greater
  independence
• Allies failed to keep promises to Arabs
• Ex-Ottoman lands made mandates of the French,
  British
• Arabs in Hejaz promise of kingdoms partially
  kept Jordan, Iraq
• Ottomans become Turks
• Allies partitioned Turkey and gave lands to
  Allies, Greeks, nationalities
• Turks responded with national revival under
  Mustafa Kemal
• Turks reunite, drive Greeks from Turkish lands
• Ataturk (Kemal) creates a secular, westernized
  state

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SOUTHWEST ASIA TO 1945

• Egypt was an English protectorate
• British diplomats, officers dominate foreign
  policy, military to protect canal
• Egypt was scene of fighting in both World War I
  and II
• Arabia
• Wahabis conquer Hejaz (Mecca) Create a united
  Arabia (Saudi Arabia)
• British control Aden, Oman, UAE protectorates
  over Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar
• Turkey
• Turkey was partition between Greek, British,
  French, Italians, Armenians
• Rise of Turkish nationalist movement under
  Mustafa Kemal
• Sought peace treaty, alliance, arms from Soviet
  Union
• Stopped Greek invasion of Anatolia pushed Greeks
  out of treaty lands
• Expelled all Greeks from 3,000 year old homelands
• Created a modern, westernized state
• Dropped use of Arabic script, created a modern
  Turkish script based on Latin alphabet
• Relied on secularized law, institutions to run
  state women no longer veiled, acquired many
  rights
• Negotiated the return of the straits and other
  areas with Western Allies
• Partition Armenia with USSR
• Iraq, Transjordan, Palestine, Syria, Lebanon
• Arab aspirations unrealized Western nations
  refused to allow creation of Arab states

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SOUTHWEST ASIA SINCE 1945

• Arab states, except Palestine, gained
  independence during, after World War II
• British suppress Iraqi nationalist uprising in
  1941 expel Vichy French from Syria
• British, US force French to grant Lebanon, Syria
  independence in 1943
• Creation of Israel
• Unable to resolve conflict, Britain turned
  Palestine question over to UN, 1947
• UN proposed dividing into two states, Palestine
  and Israel Arabs opposed
• 1947, British withdrew, civil war broke out, Jews
  proclaimed the state of Israel
• Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Iraq declared war on
  Israel
• Israel achieved victory in 1949 claimed
  territories larger than what was granted by UN
• Egypt
• Military leaders under Gamal A. Nasser seized
  power in 1952
• Nasser became prime minister, a leader of
  pan-Arab nationalism
• Egypt neutral in cold war, accepted aid from both
  powers
• Nasser dedicated to ending imperialism and
  destroying state of Israel
• Suez crisis, 1956, greatly enhanced Nasser's
  prestige
• Canal controlled by Britain Nasser nationalized
  it to build Egypt's economy
• Attacked by British, French, and Israeli forces,
  which retook canal
• Both superpowers condemned military action,
  forced them to withdraw
• Suez crisis divided United States and its allies
  in western Europe

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ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT

• Arab-Israeli Conflict
• 1947Began over partition of Israel, Arab
  invasions
• 1956 Israeli invasion of the Sinai
• 1967 Seven Day War
• Egypt planned to annihilate Israel
• Israel struck first annihilating armies and
  airforces of Syria, Egypt, and Jordan
• Capture West Bank, Sinai, Jerusalem, Golan
  Heights
• Israelis open West Bank to settlement by Jewish
  settlers
• Founding of Palestinian Liberation Organization
• Hundreds of thousands of Palestinians displaced
  1947-67
• Camps set up in Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, elsewhere
• Goal was to destroy Israel, create Arab state in
  Palestine
• Used terrorism as means to an end
• 1973 Yom Kippur War nearly destroyed Israel
• Israelis recover with US help, key Israeli ally
  nearly destroy Egyptian army
• Arabs retaliate with Oil Embargo through OPEC
• US brokers Camp David Accords ending Egyptian,
  Israeli hostilities
• 1982 Israel invasion of Lebanon to evict PLO
  attacking Israel
• Beginning of the End

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ISLAMIC RESURRGENCE

• Muslim revival and Arab disunity
• Cold war split Arab-Muslim world pan-Arab unity
  did not materialize
• Israel became a staunch ally of United States
  many Arab-Islamic states allied with USSR
• Israel defeated Egypt and Syria in 1967 and in
  1973
• Egypt's president, Anwar Sadat, ended alliance
  with USSR in 1976
• Sadat signed peace treaty with Israel in 1980
  was assassinated, 1981
• PLO leader Yasser Arafat, Israeli prime minister
  Yitzhak Rabin
• Signed peace treaties 1993-1995
• Islamism revival of Muslim traditions
• Reasserting Islamic values in Muslim politics
• Resentment at European and American societies
• Extremists embraced jihad, or duty to defend
  Islam from attack justified terrorism
• Groups
• Islamic Brotherhood (Islamic world),
• Hezbollah (Lebanon)
• Taliban (Afghanistan)
• Activities, funding reach around the world
• The Iranian revolution, 1979
• CIA helped anticommunist Shah Mohammed Pahlavi
  gain power, 1953

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WARS OF ISLAM

• Afghanistan
• USSR invades in 1980
• Prop of pro-Soviet regime which was threateneP
• Nine year guerrilla warfare follows between
  Soviets, Muslim guerrillas
• USSR withdrew in 1989 leaving Mujahedeen, Taliban
  in control of radical Muslim state
• US and Afghanistan
• US arms anti-Soviet guerrillas who win, create a
  Muslim fundamentalist state
• Destroys Taliban state, invades in 2002
• After Taliban supports September 11 terrorist
  attacks on USA
• Pro-Western regime installed
• Iran-Iraq war, 1980-1988
• Iraqi president Saddam Hussein launched attack on
  Iran in 1980
• War dragged on till 1988 killed one million
  soldiers
• Next, Iraqis invaded Kuwait in 1990, inciting
  Gulf War, 1991
• Gulf Wars 1990-91, 2002-3 and Iraq
• Saddam Hussein annexes Kuwait
• UN coalition drives him out in 1991
• UN sanctions fail to disarm Iraq
• Eventually US led effort topples Hussein in 2003

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DECOLONIZATION OF AFRICA

• Forcing the French out of north Africa
• France in Africa
• 1950s and 1960s, French granted independence to
  all its African colonies except Algeria
• Two million French settlers in Algeria
• Revolt of May 1954 was repressed by French eight
  thousand Algerian Muslims died
• War in Algeria, 1954-1962
• Algerian nationalists pursued guerrilla warfare
  against French rule
• By 1958, a half-million French soldiers were
  committed to the conflict
• Atrocities on both sides heavy civilian
  casualties Algerian independence, 1962
• Revolutionary writer Franz Fanon urged violence
  as weapon against colonial racism
• Black African nationalism and independence
• Growth of African nationalism
• Began as grassroots protest against European
  imperialism
• African nationalism celebrated Negritude
  (blackness), African roots
• Obstacles to African independence
• Imperial powers assumed Africans were not ready
  for self-government
• White settlers opposed black independence
• Anticommunist fears justified interference in
  African politics
• Economic and political instability often hampered
  postindependent Africa

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AFRICA AFTER 1945

• Aftermath of decolonization
• Organization of African Unity created 1963 to
  maintain peace, promote pan-African unity
• Artificial boundaries imposed by colonialism were
  ruled inviolable
• Ghana and many other states became one-party
  military dictatorships
• South Africa
• Transformation of South Africa
• Gained independence in 1901, but denied civil
  rights to black population
• South African economy strong, both mining and
  industry prospered during WWII
• Black workers demanded political change
• Apartheid harsh legal system imposed in 1948,
  designed to keep races separate
• 87 peercent of South African land was for white
  residents, others classified by race
• African National Congress, led by Nelson Mandela,
  launched campaign to protest apartheid
• Severe government repression provoked
  international opposition after 1960
• Black agitation and international sanctions
  brought end to apartheid in 1989
• 1994, under new constitution, Mandela won free
  election as first black president
• Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaire)
• First prime minister, a Marxist, killed in a
  CIA-backed coup, 1961
• Dictator Mobutu ruled from 1965 to 1997
  plundered Zaire's economy
• Mobutu ruled Zaire in dictatorial fashion and
  amassed huge personal fortune

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SOUTH ASIA 1914 1945

• Indian National Congress and Muslim League
• After WWI, both organizations dedicated to
  achieving independence
• Indian nationalists inspired by Wilson's fourteen
  Points and the Russian Revolution
• Frustrated by Paris Peace settlement no
  independence for colonies
• British responded to nationalistic movement with
  repressive measures
• Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869-1948), leader of Indian
  nationalism
• Raised as a well-to-do Hindu, studied law in
  London
• Spent twenty-five years in South Africa, embraced
  tolerance and nonviolence
• Developed technique of passive resistance,
  followed a simple life
• Became political and spiritual leader, called the
  Mahatma ("Great Soul")
• Opposed to caste system, especially the exclusion
  of untouchables
• 1920-1922, led Non-Cooperation Movement 1930,
  Civil Disobedience Movement
• The India Act of 1937
• 1919 British massacre at Amritsar killed 379
  demonstrators, aroused public
• Repression failed, so the British offered
  modified self-rule through the India Act
• Unsuccessful because India's six hundred princes
  refused to support
• Muslims would not cooperate, wanted an
  independent state
• During World War II
• Many Indians sympathetic with Japan Indian
  National Army under Bose

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SOUTH ASIA AFTER 1945

• Indian self-rule
• British finally willing to consider independence
  after WWII
• Muslim separatism grew feared domination by
  Hindus
• Muslim League called a Day of Direct Action in
  1946 rioting left six thousand dead
• Partition of India and ensuing violence
• Gandhi condemned division of India as a
  "vivisection"
• Independent India, 1947, divided into Muslim
  Pakistan and Hindu India
• Ten million refugees moved either to India or
  Pakistan one million died in migration
• Gandhi assassinated by a Hindu extremist, 30
  January 1948
• Conflicts between India and Pakistan
• 1947, fought over province of Kashmir Pakistan
  lost
• Pakistan allied with United States India
  accepted aid from both superpowers
• India and Pakistan stayed in British
  Commonwealth English was official language
• Nonalignment emerged as attractive alternative to
  a cold war alliance
• Indian prime minister Nehru favored policy of
  nonalignment, the "third path"
• At Bandung Conference in Indonesia, 1955,
  twenty-nine nonaligned nations met
• Movement lacked unity many members sought aid
  from United States or USSR
• Stable Indian democracy exception to Asian
  pattern of authoritarian rule
• Nehru's daughter, Indira Gandhi, prime minister
  of India, 1966-1977, 1980-1984

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PACIFIC RIM

• The Pacific Ocean is the center of world today
• Mediterranean Sea was the ocean of the past
• Atlantic Ocean was the ocean of the present 1450
  1945
• Pacific Ocean is the ocean of the future
• 1970 1982 US trade with Europe was up 400
• Same time period US trade with Asia Pacific was
  up 800
• Key Players
• China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore,
  Hong Kong
• United States, Canada, Australia, Mexico, Chile
• 1st Economy of the World US
• 2nd Economy of the World China
• 3rd Economy of the World Japan
• High technology, consumer electronics, computers,
  and automobiles
• Major financial investment of US, China, Japan in
  each other, region
• Impact on Region
• Technology has hurt small producers, traditional
  markets
• Shift of industry, agricultural production around
  Pacific
• Massive immigration of Asians to the United
  States, Canada, Australia, Latin America
• Threats to Prosperity

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CHINA TO 1945

• The republic, after 1911
• Revolution did not establish a stable republic
  China fell into warlords' rule
• Through unequal treaties, foreign states still
  controlled economy of China
• Growth of Chinese nationalism
• Chinese intellectuals expected Paris Peace
  Conference to end treaty system
• Instead, Paris treaties approved Japanese
  expansion into China
• May 4TH Movement Chinese youths, intellectuals
  opposed to imperialism
• Some were attracted to Marxism and Leninism CCP
  established in 1921
• CCP (Chinese Communist Party) and Guomindang (The
  Nationalist Party)
• CCP leader Mao Zedong advocated women's equality,
  socialism
• Guomindang leader Sun Yat-sen favored democracy
  and nationalism
• Two parties formed alliance, assisted by the
  Soviet Union, against foreigners
• Nationalist China 1912 - 1945
• Civil war after death of Sun Yat-sen, 1925
• Nationalist leader Jiang Jieshi, Mao launched
  Northern Expedition to reunify China
• Successful, Jiang then turned on his communist
  allies in 1928
• After 1928 spent most of time fighting
  communists, warlords
• Mao emerged as the leader of CCP, developed
  Maoist ideology
• 1934-1935, CCP retreated to Yunan on the Long
  March to avoid Nationalists

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CHINA 1945 TO PRESENT

• Origins of Communist China
• Civil war between nationalists and communists
  resumed, 1945
• Communists armed, supported by USSR
• Mao Zedong proclaimed People's Republic of China,
  1949
• Social and economic transformation of China
• Political reorganization dominated by Communist
  Party, Chairman Mao
• Suspected nationalists were executed or sent to
  forced labor camps
• Five-Year Plan stressing heavy industry
• Massive land redistribution at village level
• Collective farms with basic health and primary
  education
• Emancipation of women divorce, abortion,
  footbinding finally ended
• Fraternal cooperation between China and Soviet
  Union
• Both communist shared common enemy, the United
  States
• Alarmed by U.S. support of Japan, south Korea,
  and Taiwan
• Beijing accepted direction from Moscow in early
  1950s
• USSR gave military-economic aid, helped seat
  China on UN Security Council
• Cracks in alliance began in late 1950s
• USSR gave more economic support to noncommunist
  countries
• Both nations openly competed for influence in
  Africa and Asia

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COMMUNISM IN CHINA

• Mao reunified China under communism
• Peoples Republic declared in 1949
• Allied with USSR
• Annexed Tibet in 1949 border conflicts with
  India
• Supported Communists in Korea, Vietnam, SE Asia
• Intervened directly in Korean War to prevent
  American victory
• Great Leap Forward (1958--1961)
• Effort to catch up with industrial nations
• Modeled after Soviet 5 Year Plans but included
  grandiose, weird ideas
• All land collectivized farming and industry
  became communal
• Agricultural disaster great famine followed,
  1959--1962
• Great proletarian cultural revolution, 1966--1976
  
• To root out "revisionism," revitalize the
  revolutionary fervor
• Students became the instruments of revolution
  against old, elite
• Idea was that revolutionary fervor as communist
  better than science, expertise
• Millions subjected to humiliation, persecution,
  and death
• Educated elites targeted setback for Chinese
  education and science
• Died out after Mao's death in 1976
• Deng's revolution

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JAPAN TO 1945

• Japan emerged from World War I as a world power
• Plans to acquire Chinese, Russian territory
  frustrated by US, UK
• Signed treaty with United States guaranteeing
  China's integrity
• Participated in the League of Nations but often
  neutral or hostile
• Japanese economy boosted by war sold munitions
  to Allies
• Prosperity short-lived
• Economy slumped during Great Depression
• Labor unrest, demands for social reforms
• Massive earthquake in 1920s hit Tokyo
• Political conflict emerged
• Between internationalists, supporters of
  western-style capitalism, nationalists
• Much hostility to foreign influences by
  nationalists
• Attempt to build large navy stopped by Washington
  Naval Accords
• Army increasingly involved in governmental
  affairs many young officers seek change
• The Mukden incident, 1931, in Manchuria
• Chinese unification threatened Japanese interests
  in Manchuria
• Japanese troops destroyed tracks on Japanese
  railroad, claimed Chinese attack
• Incident became pretext for Japanese attack
  against China
• Military, acting without civilian authority, took
  all Manchuria by 1932

32
DEMOCRATIC ASIA SINCE 1945

• Japan's "economic miracle"
• Postwar Japan
• Had few resources, no overseas empire
• Benefited from U.S. aid, investments
• Did not have a large defense budget because of US
  protection money to industry
• Government dominated by Liberal Democrats who
  cooperate with businesses
• Japan
• Pursued export-oriented growth supported by low
  wages
• Began with labor-intensive exports, textiles,
  iron, and steel
• Government supported incentives for trade,
  innovation, experimentation
• Government sponsored research, development for
  businesses
• Companies took care of workers, families with
  cradle to grave support
• Reinvested profits
• In capital-intensive industries such as cars,
  aircraft, shipping, electronics
• In technology-intensive production such as
  telecommunications
• Rapid growth, 1960s-1980s
• Suffered recession in 1990s
• The Little Tigers
• In beginning Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea,
  and Taiwan

33
SOUTHEAST ASIA

• 1914 1940
• French Indochina Annam, Tonkin, Cochin China,
  Cambodia, Laos
• Dutch (Indonesia), US (Philippines), UK (Malaya,
  parts of Borneo, Singapore)
• Independent Siam (Thailand) border state between
  French, British
• 1940 1945
• Japanese occupy whole area within first weeks of
  World War II
• Controlled areas through puppet regimes while
  exploiting the resources
• End of war saw English, French, Dutch determined
  to restore their colonies
• US grants Philippines independence
• Vietnam
• Fighting the French in Vietnam
• Japan's invasion ended French rule Ho Chi Minh
  declared independence
• France reasserted colonial rule, recaptured
  Saigon and south Vietnam, 1945
• Retook north by bombing Hanoi and Haiphong
  killed at least ten thousand civilians
• Ho and followers (Viet Minh) conducted guerrilla
  warfare from the countryside
• Aided by Communist China, Viet Minh defeated the
  French in 1954
• Geneva Conference and partial independence, 1954
• Vietnam temporarily divided, north and south, at
  17th parallel
• South Vietnam's leaders delayed elections, feared
  communist victory

34
WESTERN EUROPE AFTER 1945

• France under de Gaulle
• Charles de Gaulle wanted Europe free from
  superpower domination
• French government refused to ban nuclear tests in
  1963, tested bomb in 1964
• United Kingdom
• Slow recovery from the war and decolonization
• Labor Party comes to power and gradually builds a
  welfare state and mild socialism
• West Germany
• Strong recovery after 1949 called Economic
  Miracle
• Rose to become one of the strongest economic
  nations in the world
• Builds a social market economy of mixed
  capitalism, welfare socialism
• European Union
• Grew out of European Steel and Coal Community
  Germany, Italy, France, Benelux
• Grew into European Economic Community and
  European Communities
• Goal was to synchronize economic, trade policies
• This grew into a desire for a political union
• By 1989 included UK, Ireland, Spain, Portugal,
  Greece
• In 2005 have a common parliament, passport, trade
  policies, currency, central bank

35
EASTERN EUROPE SINCE 1945

• Tito's Yugoslavia, Hoxhas Albania independent
  communist states
• Marshall Tito (Josip Broz) resisted Soviet
  control of Yugoslavia
• Stalin expelled Yugoslavia from Soviet bloc,
  1948
• Remained nonaligned throughout cold war
• Albania increasingly drawn into Chinese communist
  influence and denounces USSR
• De-Stalinization following death of Stalin, 1953
• 1956, Khrushchev denounced Stalin's rule of
  terror
• Millions of political prisoners released from
  work camps
• Brief "thaw" in soviet culture from 1956 to 1964,
  easing censorship
• Hungarian challenge, 1956
• De-Stalinization led to pro-democracy movement in
  Hungary
• New government announced neutrality, withdrew
  from Warsaw Pact
• Soviet tanks crushed Hungarian uprising, 1956
• Goulash Communism a liberalization of communism
  in Hungary
• Prague Spring, Czechoslovakia, 1968
• Liberal movement led by Dubcek sought "socialism
  with a human face"
• Soviet and east European forces crushed Prague
  liberal communism
• Soviet Premier Brezhnev justified invasion by
  Doctrine of Limited Sovereignty

36
1989 A YEAR OF CHANGE

• Influences
• Gandhi, Martin Luther King were world symbols
• End of Cold War and Victory of the West
• Gorbachevs Perestroika, Glasnost
• Influence of Pope John Paul II
• Revolutions
• Popular revolutions usually peaceful
• Brought down, ended dictatorship
• Parties in power rarely fought back
• Romania and China used violence but only China
  succeeded
• Around the world
• Eastern Europe overthrows Communist regimes
• Poland, E. Germany, Hungary, Czechoslovakia,
  Bulgaria, Romania
• Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia
• Russians withdraw troops from Afghanistan
• South Africa Apartheid Ends
• People Power of Corazon Aquino overthrows Marcos
  in Philippines
• Tiananamen Square Demonstrations in China

37
LATIN AMERICA 1914 - PRESENT

• Latin America Changes
• World War I
• Led to upsurge in exports
• Development of industries
• 1920s 1940s
• Depression, World War II hurt economic growth
• US initiates Good Neighbor Policy to try to
  improve US-Latin relations
• Formation of Organization of American States to
  support American neutrality in early war
• Some sympathy for fascists especially in
  Argentina, Brazil
• Some states declared war against Axis and joined
  United Nations
• Mexico after the revolution
• Liberal constitution of 1917 guaranteed land and
  liberty to Mexico
• Subsoil assets claimed by Mexican government
  redistribution of land to peasants
• After 1930s, conservative governments dominated
  by Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)
• In 1990s, PRI dictatorship challenged in open,
  free elections
• Argentina return to military rule
• Leader of Latin American struggle against U.S.
  and European intervention
• Gradual shift to free elections, but often
  reverted to military rulers
• Militarist Juan Peron was elected president,
  1946 immensely popular

38
REVOLUTIONS IN LATIN AMERICA

• Post-War US Policies in Latin America
• Cold War, Protection of Panama Canal shaped U.S.
  policies Latin America
• US opposed
• Nationalization of US property as it attacked
  American property
• Any perceived interference by USSR,
  revolutionaries
• US support
• Land owners, militaries, elites in Latin America
  against any perceived radical elements
• Aide primarily military
• US will intervene in Latin America
• Support military takeovers in Guatemala, El
  Salvador, Chile, Peru, Bolivia
• US direct interventions Haiti, Dominican
  Republic, Nicaragua, Panama, Granada
• US returned Panama Canal in 1999
• Cuba from American dependency to communist state
  
• Batista regime in Cuba was corrupt, influenced by
  Mafia
• Rebels led by Fidel Castro located in Sierra
  Madre drive out regime
• Rebels openly declare themselves to be communists
  in 1960
• Nationalized private holdings, industry
  instituted land reform, social revolution
• US plots to overthrow Cuba led to Soviet missiles
  in Cuba
• US/Cuba hostile to each other ever since

39
GLOBAL TERRORISM

• The weapon of the stateless, powerless
• Those out of power
• Of anticolonial and revolutionary movements
• Cheapest way to oppose someone
• Not New in History
• Assassins of Post-Classical SW Asia struck fear
  in Muslim world
• Thuggees devoted to Kali ritually murdered people
  in India
• Boxer Rebellion and others attacked foreigners
• Terrorism
• Difficult to define terrorism, separate from
  guerrilla movements, independence movements
• Deliberate violence, terror against civilians to
  advance political or ideological cause
• Rarely successful often discredits potentially
  worthy causes
• Examples
• Irish Republican Army violence in 20th Century
  Ireland, North Ireland against British
• Chinese Communist Rebellion in Malaya defeated by
  British
• Mai Mai Rebellion in Kenya targets Europeans in
  1960s
• Algerian campaign against French colonial targets
• PLO attacks on Israeli settlements
• Basque ETA group in Spain

40
THE EUROPEAN UNION
41
G.U.U.A.M. C.I.S. NATIONS
Both are terms for nations which resulted from
the breakup of the USSR. GUUAM are those nations
who have recently had democratic revolutions
while CIS or the Community of Independent States
are those states which are still strongly
autocratic.