Europe and the New World:

1
Chapter 3
Unit 3 The Age of Exploration

• Europe and the New World
• New Encounters, 1500 - 1800

2
Earlier Attempts at Exploration

• Leif Erikson and Vikings - Nova Scotia and
  Newfoundland
• Crusades - Middle East, Holy Land
• Cultural Exchange via trade and written works

Knights Templar
3
On the Brink of a New World Motives

• Three Gs Gold, Glory, God
• God and religious zeal
• Work of Francis Xavier, Jesuit Missionary in East
• English Puritans in North America
• Gold (and other goods)
• Gold and silver
• Spices and other luxury goods (access to the
  East)
• Glory
• Medieval fantasy writings from far away lands
• Economic advancement not allowed by more rigid
  socio-economic structure
• New world allowed adventurous individuals to
  achieve fame and status

4
On the Brink of a New World Means

• Growth of Centralized Monarchies
• New Technology
• Better ships Lateen Sail, Cannons
• Compass
• Astrolabe (latitude)
• New Learning
• Printed Books
• The Travels of John Mandeville (14th century)
• The Polos travel literature
• Ptolemys Geography (1477) in Latin
• Portolani
• Better knowledge of wind patterns
• Renaissance humanism and the emphasis on learning
  and curiosity

5
The Portuguese Empire

• Portugals goals
• Gain ally vs. Muslims
• Trade opportunities
• Extend Christianity
• Prince Henry the Navigator (1394 1460)
• Navigation School
• Exploration of west coast of Africa
• Slavery in Portugal
• The Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire
• Bartholomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope but
• Vasco da Gama reaches east coast of Africa and
  India by rounding Cape of Good Hope

Ok! Ok! We can turn back! Dont kill me!
6
The Portuguese Empire

• Viceroys
• Alfonso dAlbuquerque (1462 1515)
• Fights Indian and Turkish forces
• Spice trade monopoly
• Torture and cruelty
• Commercial Military bases
• Reasons for Portuguese Success
• Guns
• Seamanship
• Permanence?

Ill beat you with this stick if you step out of
line!
7
Voyages of the New World

• Christopher Columbus (1451 1506)
• Reached the Bahamas (Oct. 12, 1492)
• Additional voyages (1493, 1498, and 1502)
• Additional Discoveries
• John Cabot New England for Henry VII
• English route through White Sea to Russia
• Jacques Cartier North America for France
• Pedro Cabral South America (by mistake!) for
  Portugal
• Amerigo Vespucci Writes about voyages
  (America)
• Nunez de Balboa Sails across Isthmus of Panama
  and into Pacific Ocean for Spain
• Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigates the Earth
  sort of (death in Philippines) for Spain
• Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) divides New World
  between Spain and Portugal
• Written by Pope Alexander VI!
• East of Good hope to Portuguese west to Spanish

Magellan and Tordesillas
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The Spanish Empire

• Treaty of Tordesillas provokes Spanish rush for
  lands
• Conquistadores role
• Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica
• The Maya agrarian declined 800
• The Aztecs warriors uncentralized
• The Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire
• Hernan Cortés (1485 1547)
• Moctezuma (Montezuma)
• Initially welcomed believed to be a
  representative of the god Quetzalcoatl
• Spanish then turned against Moctezuma and
  pillaged Tenochtitlan
• Aztecs revolted and chased Spanish out, but then
  succumbed to smallpox while Spanish regrouped
• Aztec Empire overthrown with great violence

9
The Spanish Empire (Cont)

• The Inca and the Spanish
• Pachakuti transformed Inca empire into advanced
  state
• Inca buildings and roads
• Francisco Pizarro (c. 1475 1541)
• Smallpox claims many including emperor,
  triggering civil war
• Atahualpa captured
• Incas overthrown (1535)
• Jared Diamonds thesis Guns, Germs and Steel

Atahualpa captured Diamonds Guns, Germs and
Steel
10
The Spanish Empire Administration

• Encomienda
• Crown grants conquerors right to use native labor
  and collect tribute
• In return, conquerors are to protect, pay and
  supervise the religious needs of the natives
  did this happen?
• Viceroys
• Replaced encomienda system after its abuses were
  exposed
• Served as regional civil and military governors
  for king
• Viceroys assisted by advisory council called
  audiencias
• The Church
• Spanish crowns authority over Church
• Mass conversion of natives
• Dominican, Franciscan and Jesuit missionaries
• Spanish Inquisition

Bartolome de las Casas exposed the mistreatment
of natives by greedy conquistadores, leading to a
shift in governing policies in the Spanish Empire
11
European Discoveries and Possessions in the
Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries
12
New Rivals on the World Stage

• Spain and Portugal had led the way in the early
  stages of the Age of Exploration
• By the 17th century, the Dutch had also become
  involved
• Shortly thereafter, the French and English also
  joined the mix
• Eventually, Spanish and Portuguese dominance in
  the New World faded
• The impact of this competition instigated war at
  home and abroad, and drastic changes in the
  social and economic structure.

13
European Presence in Africa

• Initial interest was gold and Portuguese
  established outposts on east and west coasts of
  Africa for this purpose
• Dutch displaced their presence on the west coast
• Dutch East India Company sponsored settlement in
  south Africa on Cape of Good Hope
• Settlement evolved into farming community
• Dutch settlers in S. Africa called Boers

14
Africa The Slave Trade

• Slavery in Africa not new
• Initially, slaves were brought to Europe and the
  Middle East as domestics
• Plantation farming escalates demand for slaves
  (sugar cane)
• Triangular Trade
• Up to 10,000,000 African slaves taken to the
  Americas between the sixteenth and nineteenth
  Centuries
• High death rate during transit (Middle Passage)
• Prisoners of War
• Depopulation of African kingdoms
• Political effects of slave trade in Africa (Benin
  Kingdom)
• Power of local African leaders in the transaction
• Criticism of Slavery (Enlightenment)
• Society of Friends Quakers

15
The Slave Trade Middle Passage
The journey aboard a typical slave ship took 100
days or longer. Many Africans did not survive the
horrible conditions and contracted diseases or
suffered from malnutrition. Mortality rates were
10 or worse. Despite the tremendous loss of
life, slave owners did not encourage slaves to
have children who would have greater immunities
to New World diseases since they felt it was not
as costly to buy more as it was to raise a child
to working age.
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The West in Southeast Asia

• Portugal did not have the means to sustain their
  far-reaching empire
• Spain Seized Philippines as a trade base,
  exchanging Asian silk for silver from Mexico
• Netherlands (Dutch)
• Seized Spice Islands from Portugal
• Built fort in Jakarta for protection
• DEI Company Pepper plantations
• Controlled most of SE Asia by end of 18th century
• England Only held one port in Sumatra
• Mainland SE Asia generally resisted European
  presence
• Europeans initially sought to pit factions
  against one another
• Burma (Myanmar), Thailand, and Vietnam ultimately
  unified and resisted
• Only loose trade relations were established
  between Euros and these areas

17
Europeans in India

• The Mughal Empire under Akbar
• Portugal Pre-Akbar, limited presence
• Dutch Competed with English and Portuguese, but
  abandoned interests in favor of Spice Islands
• France Competed with England but did not get
  funding from French government (only had
  Pondicherry)
• England Increasing presence
• Sir Robert Clive fought French and Indian
  rebellion in Bengal
• Freed British captives from Black Hole of
  Calcutta prison
• Chief Rep. of British East India Company
• Battle of Plassey (1757) secured Calcutta for
  Brits
• Seven Years War British booted French out
  completely
• Thriving COTTON trade (raw cotton refined in
  India, traded with SE Asia for spices that were
  returned to England)

18
China

• Ming Dynasty (1369 1644)
• At its height, greatly expanded size of imperial
  China
• During this time, Portuguese explorers landed off
  coast of China (1514) with little fanfare
• Disease ravages population (1630s), precipitating
  peasant revolt led by Li Zicheng
• Last Ming emperor commits suicide in 1644
• Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)
• Invading dynasty from Manchuria brings peace
• Emperors Kangxi and Qianlong bring prosperity
• Dynastys decline coincided with increasing
  European presence

• Russia
• sought furs and skins
• formal trade relations developed in 1689
• England
• sought silk and tea
• given limited access to China from island off
  Cantonese coast
• Lord Macartney demanded greater access in 1793
  but Emperor Qianlong denied him

Macartney Embassy arrives in China, but comes
back empty -handed.
19
Japan
Christians, GET OUT!

• Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543 1616)
• Centralizes leadership in Japan
• Ends years of civil warfare and turmoil
• Tokugawa Dynasty remained in power until 1868
• The Portuguese
• Land in Japan 1543 and open trade
• Francis Xavier missionary activity
• Japan interested in tobacco, clocks, eyeglasses,
  weapons and European military strategy
• Missionaries interfere in Japanese politics
• Expelled from Japan
• Japanese Christians persecuted
• Portuguese traders expelled shortly thereafter
• The Dutch
• Did not bring missionaries
• Only Europeans allowed to maintain limited trade
  from Nagasaki for a few months a year

Tokugawa Ieyasu takes control of Japan in 1603
and expells Christian missionaries, seen as
undermining the shoguns power.
20
The Americas

• Spain and Portugal decline
• Portugal in Brazil and Spain in South America
• Both powers declined in 17th century
• Faced competition from Dutch, English and French
  in the Americas
• The West Indies
• British held Barbados, Jamaica and Bermuda
• French held Saint-Domingue, Martinique and
  Guadeloupe
• Cotton, tobacco, coffee and sugar
• Sugar Factories brought great wealth

The colony of Saint Domingue became the
wealthiest colony in the world by the 18th
century. The pearl of the Antilles produced
nearly half the sugar and over half the coffee
consumed in Europe on the backs of poorly treated
slaves. Toussaint LOuverture led a successful
slave revolt in 1793.
21
North America

• Spains claim to the Americas ignored by others
• The Dutch
• Henry Hudsons discovery of the Hudson River in
  1609
• New Netherlands Dutch colonies stretched from
  Albany to mouth of Hudson River
• Decline in 17th century after losing New
  Netherlands to English (New York) and bankruptcy
  of Dutch West India Co.
• The English
• Jamestown (1607)
• Massachusetts Bay Company religious freedom and
  economic opportunity provide the motivation
• Thirteen Colonies prosperous and independent
  despite mercantilist policies
• The French
• Canada claimed after Cartier discovers St.
  Lawrence River
• Trade outposts for fur, leather, fish and timber,
  but no colonies
• France neglected conquest efforts in favor of war
  at home
• Lost territory in 1713, and all NA holdings in
  1763 to British

22
South America

• Spains hold on South America even began to slip
• France and England break into South American
  trade after 1713
• Treaties of Utrecht and Blenheim end the War of
  Spanish Succession Philip V (Bourbon) is the
  Spanish king.
• All European powers collectively defeated
  combined forces of Spain and France.
• Britains role on winning side gives them asiento
  or privilege of supplying slaves to South America
  in addition to gaining French possessions in
  North America.

The massive loss of territory for Spain in the
war of Spanish Succession (and the subsequent
British gains) all resulted because this man,
Charles II of Spain, failed to reproduce.
Perhaps this was a good thing
23
Impact of European Expansion The Conquered

• Devastating effects to local populations in
  America and Africa
• In Americas, native populations obliterated by
  disease and culture squelched and replaced with
  Euro culture
• In Africa, especially on coasts, populations
  decimated
• Less impact in Asia
• A few religious converts
• Minimal lasting influence
• Asian rulers limited contact with Europeans
• SE Asian islands and India more affected
• Multiracial society in Latin America
• Mestizos and mulattoes
• Greater racial diversity, but hierarchies remained

Chart depicting various racial combinations in
Latin America
24
Impact of European Expansion Ecology of The
Conquered

• Horses and cattle to the Americas
• Argentine Beef?
• Plains Indians use of horses?
• Transporting crops
• Sugar cane and wheat to South America for
  plantation-style cultivation
• Sweet potatoes and maize to Africa from Americas

25
Impact of European Expansion Religion and The
Conquered

• Catholic missionaries much more active than
  Protestant
• Franciscans, Jesuits and Dominicans established
  missions to confine and control natives
• Native culture undermined
• Displaced by European culture
• Missionaries in China
• Jesuits pointed to similarities between
  Christianity and Confucian teachings in China
• Allowed ancestor worship to coexist with
  Christianity until Pope condemned
• This reduced further conversion
• Missionaries in Japan
• Missionaries destroyed local temples and
  interfered with Japanese politics, wearing out
  their welcome.

Missionaries converting natives Sor Juana Ines
de la Cruz, a nun in Mexico and champion of
womens education
26
The Impact of European Expansion The Conquerors

• Opportunities for women
• few white women came to colonies
• Women from poorer or disgraced backgrounds had
  opportunities to marry up
• Economic effects
• Gold and Silver (Potosi mines in Peru)
• Columbian Exchange exchanged plants and animals
  between Europe and New World
• Horses, cattle and wheat from Europe
• Corn, potatoes, tomatoes, chocolate, tobacco to
  Europe
• Impact on European lifestyle
• Chocolate, Coffee and Tea as drinks
• Potato became the super food of Europe

British Coffee House
27
The Impact of European Expansion The Conquerors

• European rivalries
• Piracy common and state-sponsored!
• Determined alliances in international wars
• New views of the world
• Gerardus Mercator (1512 1594) and his map
  (Mercator Projection)
• Helped trigger more exploration
• Psychological impact
• Relative ease of conquering
• Reinforces belief in superiority of European
  civilization and values

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Global Patterns of the European States18th
Century
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Toward a World Economy

• Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century
• Price Revolution 2-3 inflation on most
  goods, including food
• Wages did not reflect the increase
• Influx of gold/silver population boom as
  causes?
• The Growth of Commercial Capitalism
• Joint stock trading companies
• Profits in shipbuilding, metallurgy and mining
• New economic institutions
• Family banks replaced by banking institutions
  (Fuggers bankrupt)
• The Bank of Amsterdam
• Amsterdam Bourse (Exchange)
• Agriculture
• 80 still worked in agriculture
• Little changed in lives of peasants, whose lives
  often worsened

What? The Hapsburgs arent paying me back?
Mother Fugger!
30
Mercantilism

• Total volume of trade unchangeable
• European powers competed for greatest share of it
• Economic activity war through peaceful means
• Importance of bullion and favorable balance of
  trade (export more than you import)
• State intervention
• High tariffs on foreign goods
• Use colonies as source of raw materials and as a
  market to sell manufactured goods from mother
  country

Jean-Baptiste Colbert of France, financial
minister to Louis XIV Mercantilism at its best!
31
Overseas Trade and Colonies Movement Toward
Globalization

• Transoceanic trade very valuable (luxury goods)
  BUT
• Intra European trade still dominated the volume
  of trade for most of the time period
• By 1789, however, a shift in the balance of trade
  saw huge increases in overseas trade and much
  lower increases in intra-European trade
• These changing trade patterns interlocked Europe,
  Africa, the East and the Americas

32
Witchcraft Craze!

• Swept Europe in 16th and 17th centuries
• Prevalent in England, Scotland, Switzerland,
  German States, France, Netherlands, New England
• Occurred in both Catholic and Protestant regions
• Likely a result of religious turmoil that defined
  the era

Images of witches ah, if only Freud had been
around to analyze this! And what about the
origins of the broomstick?
33
Witchcraft Craze A History
Satanic wheat! DIE!

• During Middle Ages, witches were initially
  associated with Satan
• During Black Death, Pope Innocent VIII issues
  bull
• Mass extermination
• Jacob Sprenger and Heinrich Kramer and Malleus
  Maleficarum

Be gone, Satanic Horse!
34
Witchcraft Craze 16th Century

• Widespread panic ensues
• Nearly 100,000 people were convicted!
• Nobody could escape punishment
• Confessions were extracted by torture
• Most targeted single, older women why?

LOOK! Its the mark of SATAN!
I think its just a hickey
35
Witchcraft Craze - Explanations

• Why did it spike in 16th-17th centuries?
• Religious conflict
• Commercial Revolution erodes communal values and
  encourages individualist spirit
• Many more women were convicted
• Died down in 17th century why?

UmYoure all Satans emissaries Im here to
whip the devil out of you.
I love my job.
36
Thirty Years War (1618-1648) Origins

• The last of the religious wars?
• Bourbons vs. Hapsburgs?
• Nations Ambitions?
• Spanish Hapsburgs
• Austrian Hapsburgs
• Sweden and Denmark
• Religious conflict or Political Conflict?
• Calvinism had spread into German states
• Peace of Augsburg (1555) only settled issue of
  Lutheranism
• Protestants tried to seize control of previously
  Catholic states
• Protestant and Catholic alliances formed to
  protect their respective states
• Protestant Union
• Catholic League
• Austrian Hapsburgs attempt to consolidate power
  over German princes, and the princes sought
  allies from all over Europe

37
30 Years War PhasesBohemian Phase, 1618-1625

• Nobles in Bohemia accept rule of Hapsburg
  Archduke/King of Bohemia Ferdinand
• Eventually, they grow dissatisfied with his
  repressive politics and Uber-Catholicism
• Defenestration in Prague
• Miracle of the Virgin Mary? Or a fecal cushion?

Fecal matter! Here I come!
Images of the defenestration of Prague. Marys
Miracle or Mares Manure?
38
30 Years War PhasesBohemian Phase, 1618-1625

• Bohemian rebels seize power
• Ferdinand deposed
• Elector Frederick V, head of the Protestant Union
  chosen as leader
• Ferdinands belligerence
• Catholic Bavarians and the Catholic League
• Battle of White Mountain
• Fredericks flight
• Catholic victory!

Ferdinand, King of Bohemia and eventually Holy
Roman Emperor Ferdinand II. His firm Catholicism
was the proximate cause of the war.
39
30 Years War PhasesDanish Phase, 1625-1629

• King Christian IV of Denmark aids protestants
• Catholic Albrecht von Wallenstein of Bohemia lays
  smack-down
• Danes return home with major losses
• Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II imposes Edict of
  Restitution 3/1629

King Christian Albrecht von Wallenstein
40
30 Years War PhasesSwedish Phase, 1630-1635

• Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden intervenes
• New military strategy of the Lion of the North
• Battle of Lutzen, 1632
• Battle of Nordlingen,1634
• Revocation of Edict of Restitution

Gustavus Adolphus, like Christian IV before him,
came to aid the German Lutherans, and to obtain
economic influence in the German states around
the Baltic Sea.
41
30 Years War PhasesFranco-Swedish Phase,
1635-1648

• Political concerns trump religion
• Cardinal Richelieus concerns over Hapsburgs
  surrounding France
• French send in troops while the Swedes regroup in
  Germany - all on the Protestant side!
• Success of French commander Bernhard of
  Saxe-Weimar
• French success at Battle of Rocroi (row-kroy) in
  1643

Surrounded by Hapsburgs?! NO!
Cardinal Richelieu
42
The Thirty Years War territories and battles a
summary
Im the lion of the north
43
30 Years War Aftermath

• Peace of Westphalia (1648)
• Peace of Pyrenees (1659)
• German states devastated
• Pestilence, famine, and violence ravaged German
  lands
• Holy Roman Empire rendered powerless as German
  states are further fractured
• More separation of church and state
• Emergence of FRANCE

44
Military Revolution?
Dude. Were being replaced by REAL armies.
Bummer. Guess I need to find a real job.

• New military tactics emerged following 30 Years
  War.
• Influence of Gustavus Adolphus tactics
• Mercenary soldiers gave way to well-trained,
  disciplined national armies (The Last Valley,
  1971)
• Link between standing armies and absolutism?

Mercenary soldiers
45
Rebellion?

• Ongoing warfare and skyrocketing taxes
• Nobles struggle to resist centralization
• Many small but unsuccessful rebellions defined
  this turbulent era
• Also helped motivate monarchs to fine-tune their
  military force

46
A Review

• Reasons for witchcraft craze in early 17th
  century?
• 30 Years War
• A religious conflict or was it more?
• Big Dogs Stink For Sure!
• Main players
• Devastation of German States

47
Discussion Questions

• Why were the Portuguese so well positioned for
  overseas exploration?
• How were the Spanish able to defeat the Aztecs?
• What social and economic forces drove the Slave
  Trade?
• How were the British able to achieve such a
  dominant position in Asia?
• What impact did European colonization have on the
  colonized?
• What economic changes occurred in Europe as a
  result of Mercantilism and Capitalism?

48
Web Links

• The Slave Trade
• European Voyages of Exploration
• The Age of Exploration
• Digital South Asia Library
• Around the Indus in 90 Slides
• Internet East Asian History Sourcebook
• The East India Company
• Virtual Jamestown