anatomy

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Reproductive System

• Tenzin Choneyi
• FALL 2020 (SC246-SEC2)

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Content

• Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
• Introduction to the Reproductive System
• Reproductive Organs
• The Male Reproductive System
• The Female Reproductive System
• Female Reproductive Organ Mammary Gland
• What are hormones? (Male Female)
• Similarities between the sexes
• Differences between the sexes
• Fertilizations
• References

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Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

• Human anatomy is the scientific study of the
  bodys structures
• Human physiology is the scientific study of the
  chemistry and physics of the structures of the
  body and the ways in which they work together to
  support the functions of life

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What is Reproductive System?

• The reproductive systems in both the male and
  female consist of primary and secondary sex
  organs and sex glands.
• The primary function of the reproductive systems
  is to perpetuate the species through sexual or
  germ cell fertilization and reproduction.
• Male reproductive organs testes
• Female reproductive organs ovaries

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Reproductive Organs

• Gonads The primary reproductive organs in both
  female and male reproductive systems.
• Testes in males
• Ovaries in females
• It produce sex cells or gametes.
• It secretes sex hormones
• Androgens in males
• Estrogen and Progesterone in females.

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Male Reproductive System
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Female Reproductive System
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Female Reproductive Organ Mammary Gland

• Glands located in the breast and produce milk.
• Are enlarged and modified sweat glands.
• Consists of alveoli, cuboidal cell for secreting
  milk and surrounded
• by myoepithelial cells.
• Lactiferous ducts in each lobules drains milk to
  nipples.
• The mammary gland is organized into 15-25 lobes.

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What are hormones?

• Definition Hormones are natural substances
  produced in the body.
• Male gonads (testes) secretes steroid sex
  hormones Androgen
• Female gonads (ovaries) secretes sex hormones
  Estrogen and Progesterone
• Both plays role in development and function of
  reproductive organs, growth and development of
  organs and tissue, sexual behavior.
• Sex hormones Influences on the brain development
  and function.
• Sex hormones involves in regulating immune cells
  and play role in immune homeostasis

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Male Sex Hormones Function

• The primary hormones involved in the functioning
  of the male reproduction system are
• Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) sperm
  production spermatogenesis
• Luteinizing hormone (LH) production of
  Testosterone for sperm production, and also
  development of males appearance such as facial
  hair, body mass of muscle and bone, voice change
  and sex drive.

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Female Sex Hormone Function

• Produce in ovaries, adrenal glands and placenta
  during pregnancy.
• Types of female sex hormones Estrogen and
  Progesterone
• Estrogen contributes reproduction and sexual
  development of sex characteristics in females
  such as puberty (growth of breast, hair under
  arms and genital area),mensuration, pregnancy and
  menopause.
• Progesterone play roles in lining to thicken of
  the uterus for the fertilized egg, support early
  stages of pregnancy by maintaining menstrual
  cycle.

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Similarities between the sexes in terms of
anatomy and physiology

• the basic seeking, appetitive feeling is a
  positive emotion, mediated by dopamine in both
  sexes.
• Both male and female reproductive systems have
  their primary sex organs.
• Both sex are homologous.
• Both sex hormones play roles in development and
  function of reproductive organs.

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Differences between the sexes in terms of anatomy
and physiology

• Strength men are generally physically stronger
  than women, but women have more lower body
  muscles strength as compared to men.
• Drive males have not only stronger in sex drive
  but also more straight forward in comparison to
  females. Libidos in males are much harder to pin
  down.
• The drive and strength in these two-basic
  emotion-command systems are therefore
  biologically stronger in men than in women

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Fertilizations

• Definition The process in sexual reproduction
  in which a male gamete and female gamete fuse to
  form a new cell. Fertilization occurs in the
  fallopian tube (oviduct) of the female
  reproductive system.
• Sperm preparation capacitation of sperm or in
  other words physiological changes of sperm in
  order to penetrate and fertilize the egg.
• Sperm-Egg binding sperm bind to zona pellucida
  (outer covering) of egg. Here acrosome triggers
  and release enzymes to digest zona pellucida-
  allows sperm enter eggs plasma membrane
• Sperm-Egg fusion also called fertilization or
  union of sperm and egg, where sex cells sperm and
  egg fused to form zygote (fertilized egg).
• Activation- Eggs Response egg mounts cortical
  reaction to block polyspermy, initiated protein
  and DNA synthesize.

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References

• Bailey, Regina. "An Introduction to Male and
  Female Gonads." ThoughtCo, Aug. 26, 2020,
  thoughtco.com/gonads-373484. Retrieved from
  https//www.thoughtco.com/gonads-373484
• Dr. Gregg Gundersen, Columbia Education.
  Retrieved from http//www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medi
  cal/humandev/2004/Chapt1-Fertilization.pdf
• Module 13, Course Lumen. Retrieved from
  https//courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chap
  ter/reproductive-system/textThey20are20the
  20same20in,or20ovum)
• ScienceDirect, Sex Hormones 2013. Retrieved
  from https//www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neurosci
  ence/sex-hormones
• Medically reviewed by the Healthline Medical
  Network Written by the Healthline Editorial
  Team on January 20, 2018. Retrieved from
  https//www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/mammary
  -gland1