Horse Anatomy

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Horse Anatomy
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Frog

• One of the most important, but often neglected
  structures of the horses hoof. It should be wide
  and substantial and made up of thick, leathery
  material. An unhealthy frog is vulnerable to
  infection which, if left untreated, can lead to
  significant loss of structure in the back of the
  hoof causing severe lameness.
• The frog works in concert with the coronary band,
  the bars and the sole to provide resistance to
  distortion of the hoof capsule during the stride.
  
• Pressure placed upon the frog directly influences
  the health of the digital cushion above it.
• The frog stay (triangular piece cut out of the
  sole that the frog sits in) allows independent
  movement at the heels as the horse lands on
  uneven ground. The frog also plays a part in
  protecting the sensitive structures beneath,
  providing traction, assisting circulation and
  absorbing shock.

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Sole

• The sole is the area inside the white line, but
  not including the bars and frog. Its primary
  function is to protect the sensitive structures
  beneath the sole.
• However, the outer perimeter of sole also
  provides support, sharing some of the weight of
  the horse with the hoof wall.

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White line

• The purpose of the Golden Line is to join the
  sole to the inner wall of the hoof and to seal
  off the border of the pedal bone to protect it
  from bacterial infiltration.
• It creates a shallow crease at the bottom of the
  hoof which fills with dirt, aiding with traction.
• Should not be penetrated by a nail during
  shoeing.

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Inner Wall

• The inner hoof wall is usually white (unlike the
  outer wall, it does not contain pigment). It is
  more pliable than the outer wall due to the
  higher ratio of intertubular horn which bind the
  tubules together.

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Outer Wall

• The outer hoof wall is pigmented and contains a
  higher ratio of tubules. These tube-like
  structures grow down from the coronary band in a
  spiral configuration. It has been suggested that
  this makes them act like tiny springs, but this
  cannot happen as there is no space between the
  coils.

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bone growth in the pastern or coffin joint
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video

• http//video.google.com/videoplay?docid7742883613
  355143098
• http//www.4act.com/training/play.aspx?cID143vID
  1944

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Digestive System
1. Mouth2. Pharynx3. Esophagus4. Diaphragm5.
Spleen6. Stomach7. Duodenum8. Liver, upper
extremity9. Large colon10. Coecum11. Small
intestine12. Floating colon13. Rectum14.
Anus15. Left kidney and its ureter16.
Bladder17. Urethra
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Equine gastrointestinal anatomyGallbladder?
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Fermentation occurs on the Cecum and colon.
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Rectal Palpation
L side spleen, pelvic flexure, mesenteric root,
L kidney
R side Aorta, cecum
SI strangulation
Cecal tympany
Large colon impaction
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Umbilicus, horse
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• Thoracic limb
• support the weight of the front end of its body
  while using a minimal amount of muscular activity
• helps prevent fatigue of the limb muscles
• transfers weight from the thoracic limb muscles
  to connective tissue structures that do not tire,
  namely tendons, ligaments or bone
• Pelvic Limb
• supports the weight of the caudal end of its body
  allows the other pelvic limb to be placed in a
  "resting" position tip toe
• reduces the amount of energy (the amount of
  muscular effort is not reduced)
• Pelvic limb stifle locked, reciprocal mechanism
  stifle and hock move in unison ligament/tendon
  in distal limb

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Lameness Exam - FL
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Diagnostic Anesthesia

• ASEPSIS IS CRITICAL
• Scrub area with surgical scrub (chlorhexidine
  gluconate or povidone iodine) for a full 5
  minutes
• Spray area with alcohol (do not allow alcohol to
  drip from dirty to clean area)
• Ensure adequate restraint (keep in mind that the
  veterinarian is responsible for the safety of
  everyone involved). Use of a twitch, lip chain or
  nose chain is indicated. Chemical restraint may
  be desirable when injecting into a joint to
  ensure no movement of the horse
• Use sterile gloves and an unopened bottle of
  anesthetic agent
• Determine landmarks for injection
• Insert need with quick, determined thrust
• Obtain joint fluid (if possible)
• Attach syringe and inject anesthetic agent -
  fluid should inject freely, without resistance.
  If resistance is met, it is advisable to
  reposition needle, it is probably not intra-
  articular.
• Wait recommended amount of time and re evaluate
  lameness

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Palmar/Plantar Digital Nerve Block

• Structures Anesthetized
• Navicular bone
• Navicular bursa
• Distal sesamoidean ligaments
• Deep Digital Flexor tendon and sheath
• Digital cushion
• Corium of frog
• Palmar 1/3-2/3 of sole
• Palmar pastern and coffin joints
• Palmar distal phalanx / wings of coffin bone
• Palmar Skin

• Dx Navicular Syndrome, Heel Pain Syndrome, Wing
  Fractures of P3, Subsolar abscess. /-Pedal
  osteitis

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Diagnostic Anesthesia
Fetlock
Pastern
Carpus
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References

• http//cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/grossanat/index.
  htm
• http//www.vet.cornell.edu/oed/horsedissection/Sea
  rch.asp?FunSBM