Kingdom Animalia

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Kingdom Animalia
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Questions

• Which are more numerous invertebrate animals or
  vertebrate animals?

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Characteristics of Animals

• Multicellular
• Heterotrophic (must consume food for energy and
  tissue-building molecules)
• Most are motile at some stage in their lives.
• No cell walls.
• Mostly sexual reproduction.

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Verts and Inverts

• One way of roughly dividing the animal kingdom is
  into invertebrate and vertebrate animals those
  without and those with a vertebral column.
• However, over 95 of all species on the planet
  are invertebrates. Out of the invertebrates,
  scientists have described many different phyla.

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Major Animal Phyla
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Answers

• Which are more numerous invertebrate animals or
  vertebrate animals?

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Evolutionary Trends
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Questions

• Which group of animals would be considered the
  most primitive?
• Some animals show radial symmetry, other
  bilateral symmetry. What do the words radial
  and bilateral mean?

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Level of Organization

• Sponges have specialized cells, but no tissues.
• Cnidarians (jellyfish, anemones) have specialized
  tissues, but no organs.
• Flatworms have specialized organs and simple
  organ systems.

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Symmetry

• Sponges are asymmetrical (blob-shaped)
• Cnidarians are radially symmetric.
• Most higher organisms are bilaterally symmetric,
  with the exception of the echinoderms.

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Body cavity

• Sponges, cnidarians, and flatworms have no lined
  internal body cavity (coeloem).
• Roundworms have a pseudocoeloem, a body cavity
  lined on one surface with a membrane.

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Body Cavity

• Roundworms have a pseudocoeloem a cavity lined
  on one side by a membrane.
• Annelids and higher organisms have a true
  coeloem a cavity that is fully lined.

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Answers

• Which group of animals would be considered the
  most primitive?
• What do the words radial and bilateral mean?

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Porifera
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Questions

• True or false The sponges in the sea are the
  same sponges sold as natural sponges for the
  bath and washing cars.

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Phylum Porifera

• No symmetry
• Level of specialization cells (no tissues, no
  organs)
• Cells can exist independently, but if separated,
  spontaneously rejoin. Cells coordinate their
  efforts to move food through channels in the
  organism.
• Niche marine filter feeder

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Sponge Anatomy

• Flat epithelial cells form the outer layer.
  Flagellated collar cells line the interior and
  move water through.
• Spicules are hard, spiky structures that give
  support and protection.

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Answers

• True or false The sponges in the sea are the
  same sponges sold as natural sponges for the
  bath and washing cars.

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Cnidaria
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Questions

• True or false Some jellyfish can kill people.
• True or false Jellyfish are fish.

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Phylum Cnidaria

• Jellyfish, anemones, corals, hydras
• Radial symmetry
• Level of specialization tissues
• Stinging cells help immobilize prey.
• Niche mostly passive predators in aquatic
  ecosystems.

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Polyp and Medusa

• Cnidarians take on either the polyp (tentacles
  up) or medusa (tentacles down) form.
• They may exhibit both during their life cycle,
  one as a larva, the other as an adult.

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Cnidarian Anatomy

• Cnidocytes are cellular harpoons that capture
  prey that blunders into the tentacles.
• Food is taken into a gastrovascular cavity. After
  digestion, waste is expelled through the same
  opening.

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Corals

• Corals are cnidarians that form calcium carbonate
  structures, which over many centuries build up
  into reefs.
• Coral reefs are important and diverse marine
  ecosystems.

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Answers

• True or false Some jellyfish can kill people.
• True or false Jellyfish are fish.

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Platyhelminthes
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Questions

• Some flatworms are parasites while others are
  free-living. What advantages are there to each
  way of living?

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Phylum Platyhelminthes

• Flatworms, tapeworms, flukes.
• Bilateral symmetry
• Level of specialization organs
• Two-way (single opening) digestive tract.
• Niches parasites, bacteria-eaters, detritivores.

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Flatworm Anatomy

• Flatworms lack respiratory and circulatory
  organs gas exchange is through the skin.
• Nerve clusters (ganglia) at the front end
  coordinate sensory and motor signals.

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Free-living Flatworms

• Many flatworms live in freshwater and marine
  habitats.
• There they usually feed on bacteria and decaying
  material, taking food in through the pharynx.

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Parasitic Flatworms

• Flukes and tapeworms are parasites on many animal
  species.
• Flatworms have no digestive system, relying
  instead on the host animals digestive system to
  supply nutrients.

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Answers

• Some flatworms are parasites while others are
  free-living. What advantages are there to each
  way of living?

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Annelida
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Questions

• True or false If you cut an earthworm in half,
  the two halves will grow into two new worms.

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Phylum Annelida

• Segmented worms earthworms, clam worms, leeches.
• Bilateral symmetry.
• Repeatable body segments, some segments modified.
• Niches detritivores, filter-feeders, some
  parasites.

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Segmented Worms

• Segmentation is genetically efficient. Different
  segments can be slightly altered for different
  functions.
• Segmentation also assists in locomotion, since
  each segment is controlled by separate muscles.

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Annelid Diversity

• Earthworms are terrestrial annelids.
• Many marine species exist, with elaborate
  filter-feeding mechanisms.
• Leeches are parasitic or predatory annelids.

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Answers

• True or false If you cut an earthworm in half,
  the two halves will grow into two new worms.

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Mollusca
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Question

• True or false Some mollusks are as intelligent
  as some vertebrates.
• True or false Giant squid used to attack and
  destroy sailing ships.

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Phylum Molusca

• Snails, bivalves, octopi, sea slugs, chitons.
• Bilateral symmetry.
• True coelom membrane-lined body cavity.
• Complex neural system leads to complex behaviors.
• Niches filter-feeders, herbivores, carnivores

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Mollusks Gastropods

• Gastropods include snails, slugs, and
  nudibranchs, which crawl along on a muscular
  foot.
• Most are herbivores feeding on algae or plants. A
  few are predaceous, such as snails that bore
  holes into clams.

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Mollusks Bivalves

• The bivalves include clams, oysters, scallops,
  all of which have two shells (valves).
• Bivalves are filter feeders in marine and
  freshwater habitats.

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Mollusks Cephalopods

• Octopi, squid, and nataloids are cephalopods.
• Cephalopods are distinguished by a complex eye,
  and a large brain. Octopi are the most
  intelligent of all invertebrates, capable of
  expressing emotion.

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Answers

• True or false Some mollusks are as intelligent
  as some vertebrates.
• True or false Giant squid used to attack and
  destroy sailing ships.

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Nematoda
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Questions

• True or false Children can get worms if they
  dont wash their hands after they use the toilet.
• True or false If you could magically make
  everything on earth except nematodes turn
  invisible, you could still see the earth outlined
  in nematodes.

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Phylum Nematoda

• Roundworms
• Bilateral symmetry
• Level of organization organ systems
• Extremely abundant
• Niches detritivores, bacteria-eaters, parasites

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Free-living Nematodes

• Nematodes live in soils and aquatic ecosystems
  throughout the world.
• Some feed on bacteria or fungi, some prey on
  protozoans or other nematodes, a few feed on or
  parasitize plants.

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Parasitic Nematodes

• Nematodes may parasitize a wide range of animals
  and plants.
• Young mammals are often parasitized by
  roundworms, which is why puppies, kittens, and
  human children often must be wormed.

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Answers

• True or false Children can get worms if they
  dont wash their hands after they use the toilet.
• True or false If you could magically make
  everything on earth except nematodes turn
  invisible, you could still see the earth outlined
  in nematodes.

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Arthropoda
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Questions

• True or false Its a good idea to use pesticides
  on a garden any time you see bugs around.
• True or false Most spiders are harmful to humans
  and their crops.
• True or false Caterpillars (larval butterflies)
  are not insects because they have more than six
  legs.

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Phylum Arthropoda

• Most successful phylum in the Animal kingdom.
• Joint-legged organisms with exoskeletons
  composed of chitin (a carbohydrate).
• Bilateral symmetry.
• Segmented bodies, some segments modified and
  specialized.
• Dorsal heart, ventral nerve cord.
• Open circulatory system.
• Multiple ecological niches.

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Myriapoda
Arthropoda
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Class Myriapoda

• Centipedes 1 pair of legs per segment.
• carnivorous, with fangs, venom glands.
• Millipedes 2 pairs of legs per segment.
• Detritivores

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Cheliceratea
Arthropoda
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Class Chelicerata

• Spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, horseshoe crabs
• Most use poisonous fangs.
• Spiders, scorpions predatory carnivores.
• Ticks, mites mostly parasitic

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Crustacea
Arthropoda
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Class Crustacea

• Chitin-based exoskeleton is reinforced with
  calcium carbonate.
• Most are marine, except
• isopods, which are terrestrial.
• crayfish, which are freshwater.

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Insecta
Arthropoda
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Class Insecta

• Largest number of species of any of the arthropod
  classes.
• Enormous range of forms, ecological roles,
  specialization, including pollinators, predators,
  herbivores, etc.
• All adults have six legs, though larvae may have
  other numbers.

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Answers

• True or false Its a good idea to use pesticides
  on a garden any time you see bugs around.
• True or false Most spiders are harmful to humans
  and their crops.
• True or false Caterpillars (larval butterflies)
  are not insects because they have more than six
  legs.

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Echinodermata
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Questions

• Are sea stars herbivores, predators, scavengers,
  or producers?
• Does a sea urchin have feet?

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Phylum Echinodermata

• Sea stars, sea cucumbers, urchins.
• Radial symmetry.
• Organ systems include a water vascular system,
  but no central nervous system.
• Body wall reinforced with calcium carbonate
  spicules.
• Niches filter-feeders, carnivores, herbivores

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Answers

• Are sea stars herbivores, predators, scavengers,
  or producers?
• Does a sea urchin have feet?

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Chordata
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Phylum Chordata

• Three subphyla of chordates
• Urochordates (sea squirts)
• Cephalochordates (lancelets)
• Vertebrata
• Bilateral symmetry
• Many different niches
• Dorsal nerve cord supported by a notochord.

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Neotony theory of chordate evolution
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Vertebrata
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Questions

• Which of these are warm-blooded and which are
  cold-blooded? Bony fish, sharks, amphibians,
  modern reptiles, birds, mammals.
• What do fur and feathers have in common with each
  other? With reptile scales?

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Subphylum Vertebrata

• Endoskeletons composed of living bone tissue.
• Bilateral symmetry.
• Shows some segmentation, but segments highly
  specialized.
• Ventral heart, dorsal nerve cord.
• Closed circulatory system.

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Petromyzontiformes
Vertebrata
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Class Petromysoniforms

• Lampreys jawless fish.
• Rudimentary skeleton made of cartilage.
• No jaws
• No limbs
• Integument soft, slimy skin
• Reproduction external fertilization, lays soft
  eggs
• Niche parasites

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Chondrichthyes
Vertebrata
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Class Chondricthyes

• Sharks, skates rays
• Well-developed skeleton made of cartilage.
• Most have jaws with teeth.
• Limbs stiff fins, or undulating expanded fins.
• Integument skin with toothy scales
• Reproduction external fertilization, lays soft
  eggs, may retain eggs.
• Niche carnivores, filter feeders

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Oregon Condrichthyes
Spiny Dogfish
Bat Ray
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Osteichthyes
Vertebrata
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Class Osteichthyes

• Bony Fish
• Well-developed skeleton made of bone.
• Jaws with variable teeth
• Limbs mobile fins
• Integument skin with flat scales.
• Reproduction external fertilization, lays soft
  eggs, eggs rarely retained.
• Niches carnivores, herbivores

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Oregon Osteichthyes
Oregon Chub
Steelhead
Wolf Eel
Kokanee
Crappie
Chinook Salmon
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Amphibia
Vertebrata
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Class Amphibia

• Frogs, salamanders, newts, caecilians
• Well-developed skeleton made of bone.
• Jaws with few teeth
• Limbs four legs in adults
• Integument soft, slimy skin
• Reproduction external fertilization, lays soft
  eggs, has a tadpole stage.
• Niches carnivores

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Oregon Amphibians
Pacific Tree Frog
Red-legged Frog
Oregon Ensatina
Northwestern Salamander
Rough-skinned Newt
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Reptilia
Vertebrata
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Class Reptilia

• Snakes, lizards, turtles, crocodilians
• Well-developed skeleton made of bone.
• Jaws with variable teeth
• Limbs four legs
• Integument skin with keratin (protein) scales
• Reproduction internal fertilization, lays
  leathery amniotic egg, eggs rarely retained.
• Niches carnivores, herbivores

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Oregon Reptiles
Western Fence Lizard
Western Rattlesnake
Western Painted Turtle
Red-spotted Garter Snake
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Aves
Vertebrata
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Class Aves

• Birds
• Well-developed skeleton made of bone.
• Jaws with keratin beak
• Limbs two legs, two wings
• Integument skin with keratin feathers
• Reproduction internal fertilization, lays
  hard-shelled amniotic egg
• Niches carnivores, herbivores, insectivores

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Oregon Birds
Scrub Jay
Western Meadowlark
Great Blue Heron
Western Bluebird
Sage Grouse
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Mammalia
Vertebrata
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Class Mammalia

• Monotremes, marsupials, placental mammals.
• Well-developed skeleton made of bone.
• Jaws with variable teeth
• Limbs four legs
• Integument skin with keratin hair or fur.
• Reproduction internal fertilization, amniotic
  egg, internal development (except monotremes).
• Niches highly variable

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Oregon Mammals
Coyote
Roosevelt Elk
Pika
Long-tailed Weasel
Sea Lion
Bobcat
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Answers

• Which of these are warm-blooded and which are
  cold-blooded? Bony fish, sharks, amphibians,
  modern reptiles, birds, mammals.
• What do fur and feathers have in common with each
  others? With reptile scales?