Codeswitching

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Code-switching

• Code-switching
• Una hamburguesa sin pickles por favor
• Types of code-switching
• Tag-switching-insertion of tag into utterance
• The exam was difficult pero I did not study hard
• Lo importante es, you know, estudiar y aprender.
• Tags inserted almost anywhere within
  utterance
• Used as memory strategy Need time look for
  word
• I mean, you know

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• Inter-sentential switching A switch at a
  clause/sentence boundary. Each
  clause/ sentence is one language
• Sometimes I'll start a sentence in English
  y terminó en español
• Intra-sentential occurs within class/sentence
  boundaries
• What is so funny? Ven se bueno. Otherwise,
  no comes
• Have agua, please
• Borrowings borrowing a word from the other
  language
• Una hamburguesa sin PICOS por favor
• Language borrowings or loan words
  (historically)
• Me gusta mucho la música JAZZ.

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• Why do bilinguals code-switch?
• The semi-lingual argument
• A strategy to compensate proficiency in
  language(s)
• Problem People do it consciously?
  
• Some Concepts better expressed in other
  language
• Infatuation vs. Amor
• Envy vs. Jelosy Envidia vs. Celos
• Technical subjects
• Know technical terms in the other language?
  Day care vs. Jardín de niños
  or guardería

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• To Convey confidentiality, anger, annoyance
• Dont want to let other people know
• Easier to swear in ones second language
• More insulting in the 1st language.
• Used for signaling group boundaries
• To signal the level of intimacy (trust)
• When word is more salient or Frequent or
  unknown
• Ya llegó el paper
• Tienes el or la(?) appointment
• To convey authority or seriousness of a
  problem
• It is very important that you study!
• Doctor to patient This is a very
  serious illness!

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• Retrieval Issue? Language Dominance?
• South Texas
• English dominant vs. Spanish Less dominant?
  More Switching from English to
  Spanish
• Code switching is ruled-governed
• Rules related to Verbs
• Switching cannot occur between auxiliary and
  verb
• (Be, have, do, will, would, can, could, may)
• I must esperar (Timm, 1975)
• I could ir, I may tomar, I should be
  contento

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• Between verb and infinitival complement
• Quieren to come" (Timm, 1975)
• Necesitaban to help
• Between pronominal subjects and finite verbs
• (Finite Verb The Main verb in the clause or
  sentence
• Yo went (Timm, 1975)
• Tu eat, Nosotros drink
• Nonfinite Verbs I wanted to help
• Occur on their own in dependent clauses
• John Told Pete to stay, john to told Peter
  esperar?

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• Conjunction and Possessive rules
• Conjunctions must be in same language as the
  clause following.
• I was reading a book and ella estaba
  trabajando (Gumperz, 1977)
• Possessive pronouns (mine, my, his, your, our)
  must be in the same language as the
  preceding clause
• Dame your raincoat, its raining outside
• (Aguirre, 1980)
• Quiero Mucho a MY GIRL

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• Noun and adjective rules
• Switching can occur between an adjective and a
  noun only if the adjective is placed in accord
  with the rule of the language of the
  adjective
• (Lipski, 1978 Pfaff, 1979 Poplack,
  1980)
• In Spanish Noun Phrase, Adj follows Noun
• Mi mamá cocina papas verdes (Noun-Adj)
  
• In English the Noun follows the Adj
• My mom fixes green potatoes (Adj-Noun)

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• In code-switching
• My Mom fixes papas verdes (N-Adj as in
  Spanish)
• My mom fixes verdes tomatoes (Incorrect)
• Mi mamá cocina green papas (Adj-Nas in
  English)
• Mi mamá cocina papas green (Incorrect)
• I want a motorcycle verde
• I want a verde motorcycle (McClure, 1977)
  Correct?

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• Code switching cannot occur between a free and a
  bound morpheme (Bentahila Davies, 1983 Pfaff,
  1979 Poplack, 1980 Wentz McClure, 1976).
• Free Morphemes Occurs alone and has meaning
  (cat, man)
• Bound morpheme Must be attached to free
  Morpheme
• Suffix Walked, heartless, immunize
• Prefix Ungrateful, Rearrange
• Generalizations of verb morphemes (-eando,
  -iar) in Spanish?
• Singing ----gt singueando
• Eating -----gt eatiendo?
• Walking----gt walkeando
• Liking-------gt likeando

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• A switch could not occur between a base verb and
  a tense suffix, such as eatiendo, unless the
  particular lexical item has been incorporated
  into the phonology of Spanish
• Generalizations of verb morphemes (-eando,
  -iar) in Spanish?
• Singing ----gt Singueando
• Eating -----gt Eatiendo?
• Typing-----gt Typiando
• Scanning-----gt Escaniando

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• Lexical forms have to be first incorporated
  into the
• phonology of Spanish in order to apply the
  rule
• Flipping ---gt flipeando is permissible
• Skiing ------gt eskiando is permissible
• Catching ------gtcatcheando is not
  permissible
• Cachando permissible?
• Cases that don't parallel Spanish/English
  construction
• Su hija hace teach allá en San José
  California
• There is a causative construction in
  Spanish
• Me hicieron estudiar
• Por qué te hicieron beat up

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• In Spanish/Hebrew and Spanish/English nouns are
  the single most often switched constituent
• Nouns free of syntactic restrictions
• Problems with a lot of this research?
• Very little empirical research
  (psycholinguistic)
• Very anecdotal