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Finishing Gender

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Title: Finishing Gender


1
Finishing Gender
  • and our next topic Multilingualism

2
Fat Talk
  • Presentation by TA Amy Land on
  • Fat talk what girls and their parents say about
    dieting by Mimi Nichter
  • fat talk is an adjacency pair typical of the
    speech of adolescent girls also used by women
  • Topics what is fat talk? fat talk and
    collusion fat talk as womens talk

3
Social power vs. 2 cultures
  • Two cultures different but overlapping speech
    communities
  • Social Power
  • One speech community, with men setting the
    standard

4
Two cultures says
  • Childhood socialization translates into
    differences in the way that adult men and women
    speak with each other, and differences in how
    they interpret the same linguistic behaviors.
  • Therefore, when men and women talk to each other,
    it is a form of cross-cultural miscommunication.
    Men and womens goals for conversation may be
    very different due to different worldviews

5
according to 2 cultures
  • Women tend to use questions to maintain
    conversation, show interest and respect for the
    speakers story
  • Men tend to see questions as requests for
    information, or even as challenges to their
    authority to speak.

6
according to 2 cultures
  • Women share experiences to promote solidarity and
    intimacy.
  • Men discuss problems in order to solve them.

7
Male/female worldviews in Two cultures model
  • Female Emphasis on social harmony, equality,
    concern for feelings of others, de-emphasis of
    self and selfs accomplishments emphasis on
    collaboration
  • Male Emphasis on social hierarchy, personal
    position within hierarchy, emphasis on
    individual, independence

8
Behavior and worldview
  • Men have more strategies for dominating
    conversation
  • Interrupt frequently
  • Often dont acknowledge or link their statement
    to a previous statement from an interlocutor
  • Make many declarations of fact
  • Often dispute claims of their interlocutor
  • Women do the shitwork of conversation
  • ask a lot of questions
  • use the pronouns you and we frequently
  • If women are interrupted, they tend to stop
    speaking
  • Say yes, right and uhuh frequently

9
Social Power vs. Two Cultures differing
analysis of key features
  • Positive Minimal Responses (PMRs)
  • mmhm, yeah, right, uhuh
  • In the US, men use far fewer than women on
    average
  • Social power says
  • Men withhold PMRs as a way of showing their
    power
  • Women offer a lot of PMRs to puff up the person
    they are talking to
  • Two cultures says
  • For men, PMRs signal agreement
  • For women, PMRs signal Im listening
  • How does this lead to miscommunication?

10
  • Questions
  • Social Power model argues that the less powerful
    ask questions the more powerful answer questions
  • Two cultures says that men and women see
    different reasons to ask questions
  • Men see questions as requests for information
  • Women see questions as a way of maintaining
    smooth conversational flow (men will just
    introduce a new topic to keep a conversation
    going)

11
  • Aggressiveness (e.g. disagreement)
  • Social power says that men are displaying their
    power by cutting down women
  • Two cultures says that men are taught to organize
    conversations through oppositions. Women view
    opposition as negative and a personal attack.

12
The new model Performance
  • Performance theory focuses on community standards
    for judging the genderedness of linguistic
    behavior in a given instance.
  • Gets away from men do this women do that BUT
    acknowledges that there are power differentials
    in society that may be performed as part of
    performing gender identity.

13
Example Cameron article
  • performing gender identity
  • Online reading focused on how young, heterosexual
    men performed their gender identity in all-male
    conversations
  • Recall that the conversation focused on other
    men, their actions, and their dress. In this
    context, performance of male, heterosexual
    identity focused on referring to other men as
    gay
  • Clearly, in another context, linguistic
    performance of male, heterosexual identity would
    not depend on the same use of features.

14
Multilingualism
  • Reading for this week is online Spitulnik, and
    Zentella articles

15
Monolingualism
  • Individual monolingualism refers to a persons
    status as knowing only one language
  • Societal monolingualism refers to linguistic
    homogeneity within a population, where there are
    speakers of only one language.

16
The Multilingual Norm
  • In America, the dominant language ideology is
    that monolingualism is the norm
  • However, throughout the world, more people are
    multilingual than monolingual

17
Multilingual Nations
  • societal multilingualism, where more than one
    language is spoken in a society, is not the same
    as individual multilingualism, where a person
    speaks/understands more than one language.
  • Bilingualism is a common form of multilingualism,
    in which two languages are known, whether on the
    individual or societal level.

18
Fun Fact
  • The US is a multilingual nation
  • The 2000 census categorized all the responses
    about languages spoken at home into 380 language
    categories, including 120 Native American
    languages.

19
Legal Equality?
  • Many countries in the world have official
    multilingualism as part of their constitution.
  • Legal equality is not the same as there being no
    linguistic stereotypes. And official
    multilingualism doesnt imply that all of the
    languages are legally equal.
  • linguistic stereotypes ideas about what a
    language is good for and what its speakers are
    like

20
  • A multilingual nation can mean almost anything
  • a country with two official languages
  • a country with many imported languages like the
    US
  • a country like India, with hundreds of indigenous
    languages spoken

21
  • Use of languages that are not known by the whole
    populace can create a linguistic barrier that
    prevents individuals or populations from
    participation in education, govt, economic
    advancement.
  • In Estonia, nationalists are trying to create
    linguistic barriers for non-Estonian speakers.
    Why?

22
Language Planning
  • Language planning includes all government
    activities having to do with language (including
    revitalization, standardization, schooling, laws,
    and picking a national language).

23
(No Transcript)
24
Multilingual National Policy
  • Why might you need to legislate language use in
    the media in a multilingual nation?
  • Spitulnik gives the example of Zambia. In Zambia,
    state policy of pluralism says that 7 languages
    (Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja, and
    Tonga) represent the 73 tribes of Zambia.
    English is also used as a neutral national
    language.

25
Ideologies of language use
  • Language ideologies are ways of thinking about
    language what language means, what role it
    plays in society.
  • Ideas about language can influence whether it is
    considered suitable for differerent uses, like
    radio broadcasting, newspaper printing, public
    speaking, joking among friends, etc.

26
Policy vs. language value
  • English
  • Bemba, Nyanja
  • Bemba, Nyanja, Lozi, Tonga
  • Kaonde, Lunda, Luvale
  • Other languages and dialects
  • The big four languages (Bemba, Nyanja, Tonga
    and Lozi) have much more time than the smaller
    Northwestern languages

27
Lingua Franca
  • Bemba and Nyanja are urban lingua francas in
    Zambia. A lingua franca is a language that is
    spoken by most people in an area as a first or
    second language and therefore can be used to
    communicate across many languages.

28
Linguistic division of labor
  • A linguistic division of labor happens when
    language attitudes say that certain languages are
    more suitable for certain uses, such as types of
    radio programming (Spitulnik, pg. 174)
  • What kind of programming is associated with
    different languages (what is each language
    considered good for)?
  • International news? Local/national news? Hip
    urban programming?

29
  • Is this different from the US?
  • What language attitudes govern which languages or
    dialects we hear in different kinds of television
    or radio programming?

30
Multilingualism/Bilingualism
  • Multilingualism and Empire

31
Back to faff
  • Have you been using it?
  • Have you heard it used?
  • What factors influenced whether or not you used
    the word? What factors have influenced whether
    it could be successfully introduced?

32
  • linguistic inferiority principle - The speech of
    a socially subordinate group will always be
    interpreted as inadequate by comparison with the
    socially dominant group.

33
Language and Empires
  • Different empires have had different approaches
    to managing language in conquered territories
  • Over time, these language policies affected
    language change, language shift, and the relative
    status of colonial vs. indigenous languages.

34
Colonial powers
  • Can cultivate a local elite and offer advantages
    to learning the colonial language
  • Can piggyback on an established elite by
    valorizing one language/dialect over others
  • Can try to force the entire population to shift
    languages, e.g. by passing language laws and
    restricting access to education, publishing,
    media or through reeducation
  • Can encourage bilingualism and/or language shift
    actively or passively

35
Powerful Language
  • standard language adopted, prescriptive norm
  • literary language the language used in writing
    (Latin)
  • hegemonic language variety/language to which
    others are compared, and which is expected to be
    used, even though if this is not done
    prescriptively. e.g. American English (not
    British) is hegemonic in the U.S., but a certain
    dialect of American English is also hegemonic.

36
more powerful language
  • official language legal language. English only
    movements want to make English the official
    language of the U.S.
  • administrative language language used by a
    country for internal business. English is the
    administrative language of the United States.

37
Historical Example Inca Empire
  • In the Andes, the Incas promoted Southern
    Peruvian Quechua as an administrative/contact
    language, but encouraged peoples to maintain
    their linguistic diversity
  • After the Spanish arrived, they encouraged all
    indigenous peoples to learn Southern Peruvian
    Quechua. Learning Spanish was emphasized as an
    important part of converting to Christianity.

38
Language Standardization in the Roman Empire
  • How did Rome get conquered peoples to speak
    Latin?
  • Soldiers settled in new territories
  • Poor urban-dwellers moved to territories
  • Within a generation of a territory being
    conquered, almost all of its inhabitants spoke
    Latin (incorporating local language)

39
Language policy
  • The burden of learning language is on the people.
  • The state is not responsible for the language
    acquisition of its subjects.- if you do not
    learn Latin on your own, you cannot conduct
    business or attend assemblies- in the ancient
    world it was common to know several languages and
    dialects, even for illiterate people

40
Multilingualism and society
41
Bilingual communities
  • In bilingual (or multilingual) communities,
    speakers develop strategies for use of their
    languages
  • May restrict each language to particular
    contexts, participants, or topics.
  • Can be stable, or unstable

42
Diglossia
  • Diglossia in a situation where two languages
    are used, each language is systematically
    employed in certain domains
  • high variety prestige language (public
    language) in a diglossic situation.
  • low variety non-prestige (home language)
    language in a diglossic context

43
High vs. Low Language
  • High Language Low Language
  • Public Private
  • Prestige Non-prestige
  • school, government home, bar
  • literary tradition often
    unwritten
  • signals high status signals intimacy

44
Example Paraguay
  • Spanish and Guarani
  • Spanish is official language used in formal
    situations and associated with urban life
  • Guarani is national language strongly
    associated with national pride, but also with
    ruralness and lack of sophistication.

45
Example Swiss German
  • High language is High German
  • used in schools, govt
  • Low language is Swiss German
  • until recently not written
  • Swiss German is used in ads for products like
    cheese
  • High German in ads for cars and technology.

46
Lingua Franca
  • A language that is used interacting with speakers
    of different codes (languages). All the
    participants are expected to know the lingua
    franca, but it may be (and often is) no ones
    first language.

47
Language policy
  • Tanzania Swahili is the lingua franca and is
    used in education to encourage widespread
    literacy
  • Kenya English is the lingua franca and is used
    in education to select a small part of the
    population to go on and become educated

48
Language Ideologies in Zakarpattia
  • Area of Ukraine that borders on Poland, Slovakia,
    Hungary and Romania
  • Large populations of Romanians, Hungarians and
    Ukrainians
  • Lingua franca is Russian

49
Shifting ideologies
  • Speakers of one Ukrainian dialect go to a
    mechanic who speaks another dialect and who has
    some Romanian customers. They speak Russian
  • After the Romanians leave, Ukrainians speaking
    different dialects talk about how annoying it is
    that Romanians dont learn Ukrainian

50
  • When the Ukrainian dialect speaking customer
    returns home, she talks about the Romanians, and
    then comments on how funny the mechanics
    Ukrainian is.
  • Depending on context, different language
    ideologies dictate different types of collusion
    in those ideologies, such as language choice and
    expression of group identity.

51
Situational language choice
  • In each interaction or situation, a bilingual has
    a choice of languages
  • context, participant, topic and goal influence
    these decisions

52
Code switching
  • When bilingual speakers converse, they frequently
    integrate linguistic material from obth of their
    languages within the same discourse segment.
  • Borrowing borrowing involves adapting words to
    fit the language you are speaking, including
    sounds and grammar

53
Examples
  • code switch
  • Lets go, lets go. Poshli!
  • borrowing
  • Ja ljublju koka-kolu.
  • (I like Coca-Cola)

54
Conversational code-switching
  • Code-switching is often used for pragmatic
    effects.
  • Examples include emphasis, emotional coloring,
    shifting between topics, shifting from narration
    to commentary, separating quoted speech from your
    speech

55
Example Codeswitching in Spanglish (Zentella
article)
  • To get attention, enhanced speech marking
  • For emphasis repeating the same sentence twice
    in two different languages
  • Signal boundaries between your speech and quoted
    speech
  • Shifting topics or addressing a different person
  • Involvement or expression of emotion

56
  • Young Spanglish speakers in a New York
    neighborhood belong to a speech community.
  • The meaning of codeswitching is part of a set of
    social norms
  • At the same time these codeswitching practices
    are easing the language shift in the community
    from Spanish to English.

57
Code mixing
  • Code mixing is a linguistic process that
    incorporates material from a second language into
    a base language, adding morphological markers of
    the base to introduced elements.
  • In other words, you take a word from another
    language, but treat it like it is from your
    language.

58
Examples
  • code switching
  • Lets go. Poshli!
  • code mixing
  • Well, I guess wed better be poshli-ing
  • Nado pisat grenty (You have to write grants).

59
Social function of code-mixing
  • code mixing can be used to create a sense of
    community among a small group of bilinguals (e.g.
    Russian academics)
  • in a diglossic situation, use of some words from
    the High language incorporated into your speech
    can mark you as higher status, more intellectual,
    or less traditional

60
Bilingualism good or bad?
  • Many bilinguals in the US evaluate their language
    poorly. Use of code-switching is perceived as
    indicating that you dont know either language
    well.
  • In fact, code-switching requires a high level of
    competence in both languages, as well as an
    understanding of cultural rules surrounding
    switching and its meaning.
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