Slide 1 Kingdom Animalia

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• Slide 1 Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Chordata
• Subphylum Vertebrata
• All vertebrates share the following fundamental
  characteristics
• A backbone called a vertebral column
• Nerve cord or spinal cord
• Bilateral symmetry
• Endoskeleton
• The Vertebrates include Fish, Amphibians,
  Reptiles, Birds and Mammals.
• Marine Fish
• They live and grow in water, swim with fins, and
  use gills for oxygen
• and carbon dioxide exchange
• They are cold blooded- meaning their body
  temperature is regulated by the temperature of
  the environment.
• There are three different Classes that include
  marine fish

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1. Class Agnatha Jawless Fish The most
primitive of any of the types of fish They lack
jaws They lack paired fins The only two species
in this class Hagfish Hagfish are entirely
marine, benthic scavengers that secrete a thick
slime from glands in their skin to protect them
from predators They can tie their body in a
sliding knot to clean their body of excess
slime or help tear food apart Lampreys
Lampreys are anadromous meaning that the fish
will move from a marine environment to a
freshwater for spawning They are parasitic using
hook shaped teeth within their oral disc
(mouth)
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• 2. Class Chondrichthyes (Sharks, Rays,
  Chimaeras)
• Most of the fish in this class are marine.
• They obtain an osmotic balance with their marine
  environment due to high concentrations of Urea
  and TMAO( product in the body that protects
  proteins from high salt concentrations)
• Urea is produced in the liver and is a toxic
  nitrogen containing waste by-product
• The species in this class are know as
  Cartilaginous Fish, due to the lack of bone
  material for their skeleton.
• Most members of this class can live for long
  periods of time
• They have paired fins and biting jaws with
  teeth.
• Most sharks are fast moving pelagic predators.
• Most rays are bottom dwelling.
• There are three body shapes in this class
• Streamlined Dorsoventrally Flattened
  Unusual
• Sharks Rays Chimaeras

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• Sharks
• Have a relatively small brain. The large
  Olfactory Lobe of the brain is important for
  their acute sense of smell. The olfactory lobe
  connects to the nostrils of the shark
• Water is taken in through the mouth of the shark.
  Contraction of throat muscles pulls the water in
  further and the water moves over the tongue and
  across the gills on either side of the throat.
  Gill Rakers on the inner side of the gills
  prevents foreign objects from clogging the
  gills. Oxygen is then pulled out of the water
  and into the circulatory system. The rest of the
  water is pumped out of the gill area through the
  Gill Slits on the side of the sharks head.
• The oxygen in the blood is them carried to the
  small Heart located near the base of the gills
  and from there it goes to the rest of the body.

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Sharks are torpedo shaped. Their tail is used for
propulsion. They have 2 dorsal fins and all of
the fins have cartilage supporting them. Claspers
are used for reproduction.
The skin of sharks is covered by a protective
layer of scales called Placoid Scales. They are
also called denticles. These scales have a small
tooth like projection and gives the skin a sand
paper type of texture. The spiracle is remnant
of a gill slit. The gill slits are where the
water comes out with the carbon dioxide wastes.
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• The Liver functions to store surplus nutrients
  for the body and detoxify certain substances.
• The liver also helps the shark to maintain
  buoyancy in the water.

• The liver stores oils which are less dense than
  water so the liver in sharks is larger than that
  of other types of fish (bony).
• Sharks and rays in this class require forward
  motion to keep from sinking.

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• The stomach and intestines vary in length due to
  the diet.
• Sharks have a Spiral Valve and it serves to
  increase the surface area of the intestine to be
  able to absorb nutrients into the blood stream
  for use throughout the body.

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The stomach and intestines vary in length due to
the diet. Sharks have a Spiral Valve and it
serves to increase the surface area of the
intestine to be able to absorb nutrients into the
blood stream for use throughout the body.
The Kidneys help regulate or balance the blood
chemistry ( all the chemicals found in the
blood) waste products are passed through an
urogenital opening.
Shark skeleton is flexible with fewer joints
therefore, the body is less maneuverable. The
skeleton is made of cartilage, not bone.
Cartilage is a tough, elastic connective
tissue. The claspers on the males are inserted
into the female and sperm passes along a groove
into the female. Some sharks lay eggs in a
leathery case. Others have young develop inside
the female. No sharks care for their young after
hatching.
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Sting-Rays, Manta Rays, Eagle Rays and Skates
are cartilaginous fish. They have flat bodies
and wing like pectoral fins that are attached to
the head. Since Skates and Rays are bottom
dwelling, if they tried to take in water through
their mouth they could choke because they would
take in sand at the same time. The spiracles
located near their eyes are for taking in water.
Water passes over the gills and then comes out of
the gill slits located on the underneath side of
them. Skates are harmless, bottom
dwelling fish. Their diet is shellfish, worms
and crabs they have strong jaws that can easily
crush the shells. Male skates have claspers and
females produce a leathery egg case that hooks
onto seaweed. Empty egg cases are called
Mermaids purses.
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Sting Rays and Sawfish Sting Rays are similar to
Skates, but they have a long whip like tail with
a stiff spine or barb. The spine is used for
defense. Venom is released from the spine which
is painful but not fatal. Sting rays give birth
to live young.
Sawfish is a shark like ray found in warm waters.
The sawfish slashes through schools of fish with
its saw-like nose eating those fish that he
injured. Sawfish do not have a stinging barb
(spine).
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• 3. Class Osteichthyes Bony Fish
• More than 95 of the fish on earth belong to
  this class
• They have a skeleton that is made up of bone
• They can be found in every type of aquatic
  environment (lakes, rivers, oceans)
• They have a protective covering of scales which
  grow from the skin and are loosely attached to
  the skin
• As a fish grows a new growth layer is added to
  the scale, a fish can be aged by the number of
  growth rings on a scale
• There are many different types of scales

The skin also secretes a slimy mucus over the
scales which acts as a barrier against infection
and reduces the amount of friction as the fish
moves through the water.
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• The color of fish is due to chromatophores
  (pigment cells) and iridocytes (reflective cells)
  in the skin.
• The Lateral Line in a fish is made up of sensory
  cells that help the fish detect changes in the
  water.
• In bony fish the gills are covered by a flap of
  bony tissue called the operculum. The operculum
  open and closes every time the fish breathes.
• Like the shark, when a fish breathes water is
  pulled in through the mouth and passes over the
  blood filled gills? oxygen then diffuses (passes)
  from the water through the gill membranes and
  into the blood of the fish ? carbon dioxide
  diffuses out of the gills and back out into the
  water

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Feeding Behavior in bony fish varies greatly and
can be observed with different mouth
types. Attackers- jaws with long sharp teeth
for seizing and holding prey Pickers- stout
jaws with protruding teeth for crushing a
variety of food Probing Sucking- have
tube-like snouts small mouths Grazers-
have fused teeth with a sharp cutting edge
used for scraping Grubbers- will blow jets of
water into the ocean bottom or have barbels
that hang from their lower jaw which
will move over the ocean bottom finding
food
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Swim Bladder is a gas filled sac that the fish
can inflate or deflate to maintain buoyancy or
its ability to float or rise in the water.
Neutral buoyancy is the ability to maintain a
steady position in the water, so the fish neither
floats up to the surface nor sinks to the bottom.
Fish have an excellent sense of smell and good
vision. Fish have external fertilization, sperm
and eggs are released into the water where they
will hopefully find each other with the exception
of certain species such as the seahorse.
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