GREECE THE GREEK POLIS

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GREECETHE GREEK POLIS

• SSWH3 The student will examine the political,
  philosophical, and cultural interaction of
  Classical Mediterranean societies from 700 BCE to
  400 CE.
• Compare the origins and structure of the Greek
  polis, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire.
• WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT ANCIENT GREECE?
• WHERE IS GREECE?

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• The polis (plural, poleis) was the ancient Greek
  city-state.
• The word politics comes from this Greek word.
• In the ancient world, it was the central urban
  area that could also have controlled the
  surrounding countryside.
• The word polis could also refer to the city's
  body of citizens.

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• Polis, literally means city in Greek.
• It could also mean citizenship and body of
  citizens.
• In modern historiography "polis" is normally used
  to indicate the ancient Greek city-states, like
  Classical Athens and its contemporaries
• polis is often translated as "city-state."

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PARTS/ELEMENTS OF POLIS

• Self-governance, autonomy and independence
  (city-state)
• Agora the social hub and financial marketplace,
  on and around a centrally located large open
  space
• Acropolis the citadel
• Greek urban planning and architecture, public,
  religious, and private (see Hippodamian plan)
• Temples, altars

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• Athens, Sparta, Thebes, Corinth, etc.
• The polis began to emerge as a new form of
  social and political organization in the eighth
  century B.C.

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• Men are the Polis.-ThucydidesMan is an
  animal whose nature it is to live in a
  polis-Aristotle

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• The period that the polis began to emerge can be
  considered not only as the time of recovery but
  also the peak of Greek Civilization in terms of
  politics, society, economy and culture.
• Poleis were city-states established by the group
  of Greek people who proudly termed themselves
  Hellene.
• Independent and self governing 30,000 to 300,000
  in population
• All spoke Greek, believed in the pantheon of
  gods, practiced forms of government, and had the
  same culture.

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TWO FORMS OF GOVERNMENT

• OLIGARCHY
• RULE BY THE FEW
• DEMOCRACY
• RULE BY THE PEOPLE

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TWO MOST FAMOUS CITYSTATES

• ATHENS
• cultural achievements during the 5th century BCE
  laid the foundations of western civilization.
• ECO BASED ON TRADE AND SEAFARING
• BIRTHPLACE OF DEMOCRACY

• SPARTA
• ECO BASED ON FARMING
• MILITARY BASED
• PRACTICED OLIGARCHY

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WARS

• PERSIAN WARS, 490 481 BCE
• GREEK CITYSTATES LED BY ATHENS AND SPARTA VS.
  PERSIAN EMPIRE
• GREEK VICTORY
• PELOPONNESIAN WARS, 431 404 BCE
• ATHENS VS. SPARTA
• SPARTA VICTORY
• SPARTA DOMINATED GREEK CITYSTATES

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FAMOUS GREEKS

• SOCRATES
• 469 BC 399 BC
• classical Greek Athenian philosopher
• A founder of Western philosophy
• Plato and Xenophon, famous students
• Socratic method, type of pedagogy in which a
  series of questions are asked not only to draw
  individual answers, but also to encourage
  fundamental insight into the issue at hand
• knowledge of the man, his life, and his
  philosophy is entirely based on writings by his
  students Plato, Xenophon, Aristotle, and
  Aristophanes

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SOCRATES

• Rather than upholding a status quo and accepting
  the development of what he perceived as
  immorality within his region, Socrates questioned
  the collective notion of "might makes right" that
  he felt was common in Greece during this period.
  Plato refers to Socrates as the "gadfly" of the
  state (as the gadfly stings the horse into
  action, so Socrates stung various Athenians),
  insofar as he irritated some people with
  considerations of justice and the pursuit of
  goodness. His attempts to improve the Athenians'
  sense of justice may have been the source of his
  execution.

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Death of SocratesJacques-Louis David (17481825)
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SOCRATES

• found guilty of both corrupting the minds of the
  youth of Athens and of impiety ("not believing in
  the gods of the state"), and subsequently
  sentenced to death by drinking a mixture
  containing poison hemlock.

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• THERE IS ONLY ONE GOOD, KNOWLEDGE, AND ONE EVIL,
  IGNORANCE.

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PLATO

• 429-349 BCE
• Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician,
  student of Socrates
• founder of the Academy in Athens, the first
  institution of higher learning in the Western
  world
• helped to lay the foundations of Western
  philosophy and science
• FAMOUS LITERATURE, THE REPUBLIC
• WROTE DIALOGUES, BOOKS, WHICH WERE CONVERSATIONS
  BETWEEN A CHARACTER NAMED SOCRATES AND OTHER
  ATHENIANS

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PLATOS REPUBLIC

• The Republic
• Socratic dialogue written by Plato around 380 BC
  concerning the definition of justice and the
  order and character of the just city-state and
  the just man
• MAIN IDEA HIS VISION OF A PERFECTLY GOVERNED
  SOCIETY
• ANTI-DEMOCRACY
• SOCIETY OF 3 GROUPS
• 1 FARMERS AND ARTISANS
• 2 WARRIORS
• 3 RULING CLASS
• A PHILOSOPHER-KING WOULD BE CHOSEN FROM THE
  RULING CLASS.

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ARISTOTLE

• 384 BC 322 BC
• Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher
  of Alexander the Great.
• His writings cover many subjects
• founding figure in Western philosophy

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ARISTOTLE

• RULES OF LOGIC
• SUMMARY OF KNOWLEDGE OF THE TIMES
• BASIS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
• TUTOR OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT, SON OF PHILIP OF
  MACEDONIA
• FOUNDED SCHOOL CALLED THE LYCEUM WHICH RIVALED
  THE ACADEMY

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ALEXANDER THE GREAT

• July 356 10/11 June 323 BC
• By the age of thirty, he had created one of the
  largest empires of the ancient world, stretching
  from the Ionian Sea to the Himalayas
• He was undefeated in battle and is considered one
  of history's most successful commanders

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• Alexander's legacy includes the cultural
  diffusion his conquests engendered
• He founded some twenty cities that bore his name,
  most notably Alexandria in Egypt
• Alexander's settlement of Greek colonists and the
  resulting spread of Greek culture in the east
  resulted in a new Hellenistic civilization,
  aspects of which were still evident in the
  traditions of the Byzantine Empire
• He became the measure against which military
  leaders compared themselves, and military
  academies throughout the world still teach his
  tactics

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• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vMQfBinQwPGs

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HELLENISTIC AGE, HELLENISTIC CIVILIZATION

• Hellenistic civilization (Greek civilization
  beyond classical Greece) represents the zenith of
  Greek influence in the ancient world
• 323 BC to about 146 BC
• Hellenistic civilization was preceded by the
  Classical Hellenic period, and followed by Roman
  rule over the areas Greece had earlier dominated
  even though much of Greek culture, religion,
  art and literature still permeated Rome's rule,
  whose elite spoke and read Greek as well as
  Latin.
• sparked by the conquests of Alexander the Great
• resulted in the export of Greek culture and
  language to these new realms, and moreover Greek
  colonists themselves
• Cities Athens, Syracuse, Alexandria, Antioch

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CONTRIBUTIONS OF HELLENISTIC CIVILIZATION

• 1 Art and philosophy were the key cultural
  contributions of Greek civilization.
• 2 Greek religion featured a pantheon of
  anthropomorphic gods and goddesses.
• 3 Philosophy gave various answers to the question
  of political organization and the search for
  truth.
• 4 Greek thinkers were interested in the elements
  from which the cosmos was created, which in turn
  led to interest in mathematics and geometry.

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• 5 Discoveries were made in medicine and astronomy
  
• 6 the astronomical observations of Ptolemy
  stressed the position of the earth at the center
  of the universe
• 7 Archimedes developed theories of physics
  relating to water power and mathematics.

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• 8 Drama, vital to religious festivals, took a
  central role in Greek expression. Greek
  dramatists produced both comedies and tragedies
• 9 The Greeks also developed history as a form of
  literature.
• 10 Greek artists were most advanced in sculpture
  and architecture.

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• Men, Women, and Social Divisions
• In Greek law and culture, women were inferior to
  men
• Female infanticide was practiced
• Despite their low social status, some Greek women
  were active in business and did control urban
  property
• Greek marriages were arranged by the patriarchal
  household head, and husbands could divorce their
  wives at will
• Conditions for women appear to have improved in
  the Hellenistic era.

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• http//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/260307/H
  ellenistic-Age

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ROMAN REPUBLIC

• SSWH3 The student will examine the political,
  philosophical, and cultural interaction of
  Classical Mediterranean societies from 700 BCE to
  400 CE.
• a. Compare the origins and structure of the Greek
  polis, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire.
• WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT ROME?
• WHAT IS A REPUBLIC?
• a republic is a form of government in which the
  country is considered a "public matter and
  where offices of states are subsequently directly
  or indirectly elected or appointed rather than
  inherited

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ROMAN REPUBLIC

• PERIOD OF ancient Roman civilization when the
  government operated as a republic
• It began with the overthrow of the Roman monarchy
• 509 BC 27 BC
• Replaced by a government headed by two consuls,
  elected annually by the citizens and advised by a
  senate
• A complex constitution gradually developed
• Based on the principles of a separation of powers
  and checks and balances
• Except in times of dire national emergency,
  public offices were limited to one year, so in
  theory at least, no single individual could
  dominate his fellow citizens.

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• MOST IMPORTANT LEADER
• JULIUS CAESAR

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• Leaders in the late Republic held power on behalf
  of the Senate and people of Rome.
• EVENTS ENDING THE REPUBLIC
• 1 the appointment of Julius Caesar as perpetual
  dictator in 44 BC
• 2 the defeat of Mark Antony at the Battle of
  Actium in 31 BC
• 3 the Roman Senate's grant of extraordinary
  powers to Octavian (Augustus) in 27 BC

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JULIUS CAESAR

• July 100 BC 15 March 44 BC
• WHAT DO YOU KNOW?
• Roman general and statesman
• writer of Latin prose
• played a critical role in the gradual
  transformation of the Roman Republic into the
  Roman Empire.
• "Veni, vidi, vici"

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• Crossed the Rubicon with a legion to march on
  Rome
• Civil war resulted
• emerged as the unrivaled leader of Rome
• program of social and governmental reforms

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• creation of the Julian calendar
• He centralized the bureaucracy of the Republic
  and was eventually proclaimed "dictator in
  perpetuity
• Caesar established a new constitution, which was
  intended to accomplish three separate goals
• 1 suppress all armed resistance out in the
  provinces, and thus bring order back to the
  empire
• 2 create a strong central government in Rome
• 3 knit together the entire empire into a single
  cohesive unit

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• Ides of March (15 March) 44 BC, Caesar was
  assassinated by a group of senators led by Marcus
  Junius Brutus
• civil wars broke out
• constitutional government of the Republic was
  never restored
• Caesar's adopted heir, later known as Augustus,
  rose to sole power, and the era of the Roman
  Empire began.
• Much of Caesar's life is known from his own
  accounts of his military campaigns and from other
  contemporary sources, mainly the letters and
  speeches of Cicero and the historical
  writings/biographies of Caesar by famous Roman
  historians Suetonius and Plutarch

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