Regents Review - Ancient Greece

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Mediterranean Society The Greek Phase
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Early "Bronze Age"
3000 - 1400 BCE
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The Bronze Age Mediterranean Region
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Bronze Age Greece
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The Minoans
2200 - 1100 BCE
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The Minoan World mid-2M B.C.E.
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Early Development of Greek Society

• Minoan Society
• Island of Crete
• Major city Knossos
• C. 2200 BCE center of maritime trade
• Scholars unable to decipher Linear A script

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Artists Recreation of Knossos
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Aerial View of Knossos
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Palace of King Minos North Entrance
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Palace of King Minos Throne Room
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Minoan Ladies
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Early GreekGeometrics
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Palace of King Minos - Interiors
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Knossos Minoan Civilization
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Minoan Civilization
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Decline of Minoan Society

• Series of natural disasters after 1700 BCE
• Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tidal waves
• Foreign invasions
• Foreign domination by 1100 BCE

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The Mycenaeans
2200 - 800 BCE
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The Mycenaean World mid-2M B.C.E.
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Mycenaean Society

• Indo-European invaders descend through Balkans
  into Peloponnesus, c. 2200 BCE
• Influenced by Minoan culture
• Major settlement Mycenae
• Military expansion throughout region

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Aerial View of Mycenae
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Mycenae Citadel Reconstuction
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Lions Gate Entrance to Mycenae
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Approach to the Lions Gate
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Mycenaean Writing System Gained From the Minoans
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The Trojan War
mid-12c BCE
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Bronze Age Enemies The Trojan War
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Homer, the Blind Poet
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Homers Great Epics
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Chaos in the Eastern Mediterranean

• Trojan war, c. 1200 BCE
• Homers The Iliad
• Sequel The Odyssey
• Political turmoil, chaos from 1100 to 800 BCE
• Mycenaean civilization disappears

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Plan of the City of Troy
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The Mask of Agamemnon
In 1870, German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann
excavated a site in this area which he identified
as Troy this claim is nowadays accepted by most
scholars as evidence for the battle.
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Original Wall of the City of Troy
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Triumphant Achilles dragging Hector's lifeless
body in front of the Gates of Troy, 1892
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The Greek "Dark Ages"
1100 - 750 BCE
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Migrations in the Aegean Region
(DORIANS
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"Hellenic" (Classical) Greece 800 BCE - 323 BCE
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Greek Phoenician Colonization 750-500 BCE
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The Polis

• City-state
• Urban center, dominating surrounding rural areas
• Highly independent character
• Monarchies
• Tyrannies, not necessarily oppressive
• Early Democracies

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The Rise of the Greek Polis
Eboea
Syracuse
Athens
Larissa
Naxos
Corinth
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The Athens Acropolis Today
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The Parthenon
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The Agora
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Greek Commonalities

• Ones polis gave a sense of identity and each
  individual believed they owed loyalty to their
  polis.
• Greeks shared
• A common language.
• The belief that all non-Greek speakers are
  barbarians.
• Religion.
• The Olympics.
• Common non-Greek enemies.

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Greek Government

• Until the 8th century BCE, the government of
  Greece was a monarchy, with each polis having its
  own kings.
• The kings were overthrown by aristocrats, or
  best men, who held power due to their economic
  supremacy due to owning most of the land.

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Greek Government

• By the 7th century BCE, tyrants, or ones who
  seize power illegally with the peoples support,
  overthrew the aristocracy. They formed an
  oligarchy, which is government run by a small
  powerful business class elite.
• In 621 BCE, archon (Greek for ruler) Draco
  created Athens first written laws. The laws were
  harsh and severe with the death penalty given for
  even minor offences.
• In 594 BCE, archon Solon outlawed slavery for
  debt and freed people who had become slaves to
  pay debts were freed. He began a foundation of
  equality that would soon bring democracy.

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Sparta

• Highly militarized society
• Subjugated peoples helots
• Serfs, tied to land
• Outnumbered Spartans 101 by 6th c. BCE
• Military society developed to control threat of
  rebellion
• Austerity the norm

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Spartan Hierarchy
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Spartan Government

• Two hereditary kings.
• A Council of Elders 28 male wealthy aristocratic
  citizens over the age of 60. Proposed laws and
  headed criminal court.
• Assembly of all men over 30. Accepted or rejected
  proposed laws.
• The five ephors oversaw kings and Spartan
  education.

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Building the perfect soldiers

• Ages 7-18, military barracks. Reading, writing,
  music training military training
• Ages 18-20, focus on military training only
• Marriage, but no home life until age 30
• Ages 20-60 served as Spartan soldiers
• Girls received strict physical training, basic
  education and musical training
• Some relaxation of discipline by 4th c. CE

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Athens Sparta
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Athens

• Development of early democracy
• Free, adult males only
• Women, slaves excluded
• Athenian style of government differed
  significantly with Spartan militarism

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Athenian Social Hierarchy
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Athenian Society

• Maritime trade brings increasing prosperity
  beginning 7th c. BCE
• Aristocrats dominate smaller landholders
• Increasing socio-economic tensions
• Class conflict

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Solon and Athenian Democracy

• Aristocrat Solon mediates crisis
• Aristocrats to keep large landholdings
• But forgive debts, ban debt slavery
• Removed family restrictions against participating
  in public life
• Instituted paid civil service

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Athenian Government

• In 507 BCE, Cleisthenes introduced democracy.
  Called direct democracy because all citizens
  directly participated in the decision making
  process.
• 10 Tribes gt 50 men each gt Council of 500 gt served
  one year, could not serve twice. Proposed laws to
  the assembly.
• Introduction of juries in court.

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Golden Age of Pericles460 BCE 429 BCE
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Pericles

• Ruled 461-429 BCE
• High point of Athenian democracy
• Aristocratic but popular
• Massive public works
• Encouraged cultural development

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Greek Golden Age of the 5th Century BCE

• Artists Teachers
• Architecture Parthenon
• Painting Vases
• Sculpture Phidias Myron
• Philosophy
• Socrates
• Plato
• Aristotle

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Greek Golden Age of the 5th Century BCE

• Pythagoras
• Hippocrates
• Herodotus
• Theater
• Dramas
• Tragedies
• Comedies

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Greek Colonization

• Population expansion and Greek geography drives
  colonization
• Coastal Mediterranean, Black sea
• Sicily (Naples neapolis, new city)
• Southern France (Massalia Marseilles)
• Anatolia
• Southern Ukraine

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Greek Colonies (in red)
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• Classical Greece and the Mediterranean basin
  800-500 BCE

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Effects of Greek Colonization

• Trade throughout region
• Communication of ideas
• Language, culture
• Political and social effects

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Persian Wars 490 BCE 470 BCE
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Persian Wars (500-479 BCE)

• Revolt against Persian Empire 500 BCE in Ionia
• Athens supports with ships
• Greek rebellion crushed by Darius 493 BCE routed
  in 490
• In 480 BCE, the second wave of the Persian War
  begins as Xerxes arrives with his army at
  Thermopylae.
• After succeeding, he then burns Athens, only to
  be defeated at the Battle of Salamis weeks later.
• In 479 BCE, at the Battle of Plataea, the final
  land battle ended with the Greeks driving Xerxes
  back to Persia permanently.

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The Delian League

• Poleis create Delian League to forestall more
  Persian attacks
• Led by Athens
• Massive payments to Athens fuels Periclean
  expansion
• Resented by other poleis

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Athens vs. Sparta
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Peloponnesian Wars
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The Peloponnesian War

• Civil war in Greece, 431-404 BCE
• Poleis allied with either Athens or Sparta
• Athens forced to surrender
• But conflict continued between Sparta and other
  poleis

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Macedonia Under Philip II
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Kingdom of Macedon

• Frontier region to north of Peloponnesus
• King Philip II (r. 359-336 BCE) builds massive
  military
• 350 BCE encroaches on Greek poleis to the south,
  controls region by 338 BCE

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"Hellenistic" Greece 336 BCE - 100 BCE
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Alexander of Macedon

• the Great, son of Philip II
• Rapid expansion throughout Mediterranean basin
• Invasion of Persia successful
• Turned back in India when exhausted troops
  mutinied

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Alexander the Great
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Alexander the Greats Empire
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Alexander the Great in Persia
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The Hellenization of Asia
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The Economy of the Hellenistic World
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Library at Alexandria (333 B.C.E.)
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Cultural Advancement in the Age of Hellenism

• Euclid The Elements
• Archimedes Pi, the Archimedes Screw
• Herophilus Value of the human brain
• Aristarchus Heliocentric Theory
• Eratosthenes Circumference of the Earth

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The Hellenistic Empires

• After Alexanders death, competition for empire
• Divided by generals
• Antigonus Greece and Macedon
• Ptolemy Egypt
• Seleucus Persian Achaemenid Empire
• Economic integration, Intellectual
  cross-fertilization

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The Breakup of Alexanders Empire
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The Antigonid Empire

• Smallest of Hellenistic Empires
• Local dissent
• Issue of land distribution
• Heavy colonizing activity

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The Ptolemaic Empire

• Wealthiest of the Hellenistic empires
• Established state monopolies
• Textiles
• Salt
• Beer
• Capital Alexandria
• Important port city
• Major museum, library

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The Seleucid Empire

• Massive colonization of Greeks
• Export of Greek culture, values as far east as
  India
• Bactria
• Ashoka legislates in Greek and Aramaic

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Trade and Integration of the Mediterranean Basin

• Greece little grain, but rich in olives and
  grapes
• Colonies further trade
• Commerce rather than agriculture as basis of much
  of economy

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Panhellenic Festivals

• Useful for integrating far-flung colonies
• Olympic Games begin 776 BCE
• Sense of collective identity

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The Ancient Olympics

• The Olympic Games were held in four year
  intervals and they began in 776 BCE in Olympia.
  They were celebrated until 393 AD. The prizes
  were olive wreaths, palm branches and woolen
  ribbons.
• They were in honor of Zeus, but were a way of
  showing bravery and strength to the gods.

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Olympia
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The Ancient OlympicsAthletes Trainers
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Trophy Vases
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The Classical Greek Ideal
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Patriarchal Society

• Women as goddesses, wives, prostitutes
• Limited exposure in public sphere
• Sparta partial exception
• Sappho
• Role of infanticide in Greek society and culture

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Slavery

• Scythians (Ukraine)
• Nubians (Africa)
• Chattel
• Sometimes used in business
• Opportunity to buy freedom

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The Greek Language

• Borrowed Phoenician alphabet
• Added vowels
• Complex language
• Allowed for communication of abstract ideas
• Philosophy

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Socrates (470-399 BCE)

• The Socratic Method
• Student Plato
• Public gadfly, condemned on charges of immorality
• Forced to drink hemlock

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Socrates (rubbing chin) and Plato (standing
left) Mosaic from Pompeii
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• The Death of Socrates, by Jacques-Louis David
  (1787)

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Plato (430-347 BCE)

• Systematized Socratic thought
• The Republic
• Parable of the Cave
• Theory of Forms/Ideas

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Aristotle (389-322 BCE)

• Student of Plato
• Broke with Theory of Forms/Ideas
• Emphasis on empirical findings, reason
• Massive impact on western thought

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Greek Theology

• Polytheism
• Zeus principal god
• Religious cults
• Eleusinian mysteries
• The Bacchae
• Rituals eventually domesticated

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Greek Religion

• The Greek gods were created to
• explain nature.
• explain emotions.
• Bring the benefits of a long life/good luck
  and/or good harvests.
• The afterlife consisted of everyone going to the
  underworld ruled by Hades.
• To explain their world, Greeks created myths,
  which are traditional stories about gods,
  goddesses and heroes.

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The Twelve Olympian Gods
In Greek mythology, were the principal gods of
the Greek pantheon, residing atop Mount Olympus.
The classical scheme of the Twelve Olympians
comprises the following gods Zeus, Hera,
Poseidon, Demeter, Ares, Hermes, Hephaestus,
Aphrodite, Athena, Apollo, Artemis, Hestia.
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Tragic Drama

• Evolution from public presentations of cultic
  rituals
• Major playwrights (5th c. BCE)
• Aeschylus
• Sophocles
• Euripides
• Comedy Aristophanes

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Hellenistic Philosophies

• Epicureans
• Pleasure, distinct from Hedonists
• Skeptics
• Doubted possibility of certainty in anything
• Stoics
• Duty, virtue
• Emphasis on inner peace

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The Incursion of Rome into the Hellenistic World