CHAPTER 5: ANCIENT GREECE

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CHAPTER 5ANCIENT GREECE

• 1750 B.C. 133 B.C.

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Section 1 Early People of Aegean

• Europa- daughter of the king of Phoenicia married
  the king of Crete.
• Continent of Europe bares her name.
• Crete-not much is known about this civilization.
• Called the Minoans after Minos, legendary king of
  Crete (1750-1500 B.C.).

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• Success based on trade
• Acquired ideas and technology from Egypt and
  Mesopotamia.

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• Knossos palace in the empire.
• Included many religious shrines? a sacred place
  like a chapel or an alter.
• Walls were covered with colorful fresco? colorful
  painting on wet plaster.

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• Around 1400 the Minoans vanished.
• Possible reasons
• Volcanic eruption
• Earthquake
• Tidal wave
• Invaders-the most possible reason
• These invaders were the Myceneans

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Mycenaeans 1400 -1200 B.C.

• Indo-European people
• Conquered Greece and Crete
• They were sea traders
• Passed on Egyptian Mesopotamian influences to
  later Greeks.
• Developed numerous city-states in Greece.

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Trojan War1250 B.C.

• May have started due to economic rivalries
  between Mycenae and Troy (trading city in Asia
  Minor).

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Legend

• Trojan Prince kidnapped Helen, wife of a Greek
  King.
• Mycenaeans sailed to Troy to rescue her.
• War started and lasted 10 years.
• Troy would be burned down by the Mycenaeans.

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• Mycenaeans would collapse later after taking
  over Troy.
• Dorians would move in the area.
• Between 1100 800 B.C. Greek civilization took a
  step back.
• People forgot skill and did little writing.
• Except for two epic poems the Iliad and the
  Odyssey.
• Both written about the time of the Trojan War, by
  a blind poet named Homer.
• Epics- narrative poems celebrating heroic deeds

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• These two epics tell us about the VALUES of the
  ancient Greeks.

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Section 2 Rise of Greek City-States

• Mediterranean and Aegean Seas were central to
  development of Greek civilizations.
• Greece is part of the Balkan Peninsula
• Mountains divided the peninsula into isolated
  valleys.
• Small city-states arose political units made up
  of a city and the surrounding lands.
• Greeks defended their city-states.

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• The seas provided safe harbors for ships.
• Greeks expanded the Phoenicians alphabet, which
  became the basis of all western alphabets.

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• 750 B.C. population growth forced people to
  move. Greek colonies took root from Spain to
  Egypt.
• Polis Greek city-states that were the
  fundamental political units in ancient Greece.

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• Built on two levels
• ?Fortified hilltop was the acropolis. Temples
  dedicated to gods and goddesses were built there.
• ?Flatter ground walled the main city with its
  marketplace, theater, public buildings, and
  homes.
• Men spent time debating issues and there were
  festivals for gods and goddesses.

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• From 750 B.C. there were many different ways of
  ruling
• Monarchy? a government in which a king or queen
  exercises central power.
• Aristocracy? rule by a landholding elite.
• Oligarchy? power is in the hands of a small,
  powerful elite, usually from the business class.

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Warfare

• Shift from bronze to iron weapons
• Hoplites? an item of armor or equipment.
• Formed large phalanx? a massive formation of
  heavily armed foot soldiers.
• Ordinary people were defending the city-states.

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Sparta

• Located on the Peloponnesus Peninsula
• Defeated Mycenaeans became helots in the Spartan
  army.
• Helots outnumbered the Spartans 8 to 1
• Maintained an aristocracy
• Didnt develop trade or industry just agriculture
• Spartans isolated themselves from other Greeks

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Emphasized military

• Spartan boys left home at age 7, strict military
  education, no shoes, hard beds.
• At age 20 they could marry, but live in the
  barracks for 10 more years, and eat there 40 more
  years. Age 30 joined the assembly.
• Spartan girls underwent physical training to
  prepare them for motherhood. Ran, wrestled, and
  played sports. Their role was more than other
  city-states.
• Sickly children were abandoned to die.

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• Spartans emphasized a totalitarian philosophy
  the individual exists to serve the state.

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Athens

• North of Sparta
• Under aristocracy wealthy got wealthy while the
  ordinary people suffered.
• Simple professions were losing money.
• Farmers some had to sell land some sold
  themselves and their families to pay their debts.

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Athens shifted to a democracyAfter clashes with
aristocrats and common people Athens jumped to
their democracy.

• Only free males counted as citizens
• Women, slaves, and foreigners were excluded
• Women had little to do with city life
• Girls received no education
• Boys attended school, received military training,
  athletic competition
• Boys were encouraged to explore their options

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• Solon (594 BC)- given full power to run the
  government.
• Fighting broke out again and Solon left
• Tyrants soon won support
• Pisistatus became the 1st tyrant in Athens (546
  BC)
• Helped the peasants
• Cleisthenes- set up the Council of 500- proposed
  laws and counseled the assembly.
• Made the assembly a genuine legislature.

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Forces of Unity

• Spoke the same language
• Common festivals
• Prayed the same gods
• Same ancient heroes
• Temples and festivals
• Non-Greeks-outsiders were called Barbarians?
  people that didnt speak Greek.

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• Greeks were polytheistic.
• Gods lived on Mt. Olympus
• Zeus-king of the Gods.
• Aphrodite-goddess of love
• Ares-god of war
• Athena-goddess of wisdom, also Athens was named
  after her.