Age of Jackson

1
Age of Jackson

• Unit IVA
• AP United States History

2
Jacksonian Democracy

• Rise of the common man
• Among white male society, equal opportunity was
  evident
• Universal male suffrage
• Change from caucuses to conventions
• Selection of electors chosen more by voters
• Increase in local and state elections
• Rise of third parties
• Spoils system -gt patronage, loyalty
• FUNDAMENTAL QUESTION Compare/contrast
  Jeffersonian Democracy and Jacksonian Democracy.

3
Election of 1824

• Sectional and ideological differences lead to
  Dem-Reps splitting up
• Election of 1824 has four candidates
• General/Senator Andrew Jackson (SOUTH)
• Sec. of State John Quincy Adams (NORTH)
• Sec. of Treasury William Crawford (EAST)
• Speaker of the House Henry Clay (WEST)
• Corrupt Bargain
• House chose Adams over Jackson despite Jackson
  earning popular vote and most electoral votes
• Split among National Republicans and Jacksonian
  Democrats

4
House Vote for Election of 1824
5
John Quincy Adams (1825-1829)

• Son of Federalist John Adams
• National Republican who favored strong central
  government and federal programs
• Most of his proposals rejected by a pro-Jackson
  Congress
• Alienated the South and West
• Tariff of 1828 aka Tariff of Abominations
• High protective tariff
• Encourage northern industries Southern
  agriculture suffered

6
Election of 1828

• During Quincy Adamss presidency, Jackson built a
  popular coalition, especially in the West and
  South
• Political campaigns on national levels
• Jacksons wife
• Coffin Handbills
• Large turnout
• Jackson soundly defeats Adams

7
Old Hickory

• Unlike the previous presidents
• Duelist, Gambler, Bar Fighter, Pipe-Smoker,
  Tobacco Chewer
• War hero
• Exemplified common man success
• Practiced the spoils system
• Hired loyalists and friends
• Took office promising a strong executive
• It was settled by the Constitution, the laws,
  and the whole practice of the government that the
  entire executive power is vested in the President
  of the United States.
• Endorsed states rights
• Considered himself a Jeffersonian Democrat

8
Andrew Jackson (1829-1837)

• Vetoed more bills by Congress than all
  predecessors
• Maysville Road (1830)
• Vetoed federal funds as violation of intrastate
  commerce
• Peggy Eaton Affair
• Kitchen Cabinet
• Private group of trusted advisors
• Whig Party
• Established in 1833 in reaction to Jacksons
  power
• Evolution of National Republicans
• Henry Clay, Daniel Webster
• Major Issues
• Native Removal
• Nullification Crisis
• Bank of the United States

9
Jackson and Native Removal

• Jackson encouraged settlement in Native lands
• Benefits white Americans to exploit resources,
  Deep South wanted fertile land for cotton
• Indian Removal Act (1830)
• Negotiate with Native tribes for removal west to
  lands west of the Mississippi
• Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)
• Determined Native tribes not to be foreign
  states but as domestic dependent nations
• Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
• Determined sovereignty of Native tribes therefore
  not subject to state laws
• Apocryphal John Marshall had made his decision.
  Now let him enforce it! - Andrew Jackson
• Trail of Tears
• Many died from exposure, disease, starvation
• 60,000 removed 15,000 died

10
Jackson and the Nullification Crisis

• Tariff of Abominations (1828)
• South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828)
• Inspired by Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
• State could nullify federal law or possibly
  secede if necessary
• Webster-Haynes Debates (1830)
• Senator Robert Hayne (SC) promotes nullification
  and states rights
• Daniel Webster responds with supremacy of U.S.
  Constitution, nullification/secession is treason
  Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and
  inseparable!
• Jefferson Day Dinner (1830)
• Andrew Jackson Our federal Union It must be
  preserved.
• John C. Calhoun The Union Next to our Liberty,
  the most dear.
• Tariff of 1832
• Ordinance of Nullification (1832)
• South Carolina passes nullification of Tariffs of
  1828/1832
• Prepares military build up in preparation
• Force Bill (1833)
• Jackson requests and granted authorization from
  Congress to lead federal military to crush
  nullifiers
• Tariff of 1833
• Henry Clay negotiates compromise to gradually
  lower tariff rates to 1816 levels

11
Jackson and the Economy

• Jackson and the Bank
• Jackson believed Bank of U.S. as unconstitutional
• Considered a private monopoly
• A force against the common man
• Nicholas Biddle ran bank effectively but
  suspiciously
• Bank supported by Henry Clay and Daniel Webster
• You are a den of vipers and thieves. I have
  determined to rout you out, and by the Eternal, I
  will rout you out!
• The bank, Mr. Van Buren, is trying to kill me,
  but I will kill it.
• Jackson denied Banks charter
• Transferred funds to state banks aka pet banks
• National debt paid off in 1835
• Sold western lands, cut/vetoed national programs
• Ran surpluses disseminated among states
• Specie Circular (1836)
• Purchase of federal lands by gold and silver
  rather than bank notes
• Panic of 1837
• Land speculation and crop failures
• Hard currency led to devalue of paper money and
  inflation
• Denial of Bank charter

12
Second Party System (1828-1854)

• National political campaigns and spoils system
  galvanize political parties
• Democrats
• states rights
• laissez-faire and free trade
• Expansionism
• Pro-slavery
• equal opportunity
• South and West
• working class
• Andrew Jackson, Martin van Buren
• Whigs
• American System
• strong federal government
• Mixed on slavery
• social conservatives
• New England, Northerners
• upper and middle class professionals
• Henry Clay

• Rise of Third Parties
• Anti-Masonic Party
• issue party concerned about Freemasons
• promoted economic nationalism and social
  conservatism
• introduced party conventions
• Liberty Party
• abolitionist party
• Free Soil Party
• Prevent expansion of slavery
• anti-slavery party in latter years

13
The End of the Jackson Era

• After 8 years as president, I have only two
  regrets. That I have not shot Henry Clay or
  hanged John C. Calhoun. - Andrew Jackson
• Panic of 1837 and Martin van Burens presidency
  drifted support toward Whigs
• Martin van Ruin
• Whigs nominated William Henry Harrison, a war
  hero and depicted common man, in 1840
• Log Cabin and Hard Cider
• Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!
• Whigs win presidency, but Harrison dies in office
• John Tyler, a Whig, favors more Democratic
  policies
• The nation enters period of expansion and slavery