Andrew Jackson

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Andrew Jackson

• The Age of the Common Man

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What you need to know

• Age of Jackson, 1828-1848
• Democracy and the "common man"
• Expansion of suffrage
• Rotation in office
• Second party system
• Democratic Party
• Whig Party
• Internal improvements and states' rights the
  Maysville Road veto
• The Nullification Crisis
• Tariff issue
• The Union Calhoun and Jackson
• The Bank War Jackson and Biddle
• Martin Van Buren
• Independent treasury system
• Panic of 1837

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• Study Guide for TEST
• Election 1810 1824 1828
• Missouri Compromise
• John Marshall
• Monroe Doctrine
• Federalists
• Henry Clay
• Adams-Onis Treaty
• Land Ordinance
• Tariff 1816
• War of 1812
• Constitutional Convention
• Hamilton Plan
• Jefferson Madison Policies

• Massive Growth 1800-1850
• Tecumseh
• Rush Bagot Treaty
• War Hawks
• Protective Tariff
• Articles of Confederation
• Corrupt Bargain
• John Q. Adams
• Andrew Jackson
• Bank War
• Indian Removal
• SPOILS System
• South Carolina Exposition
• Cherokee
• Martin Van Buren
• Tippecanoe William Henry Harrison
• Nullification
• American system (Madison Platform)
• Marbury v. Madison

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Why is the age of Jackson referred to as the Age
of the Common Man?

• Culture of an American Hero
• Expansion of Suffrage
• Popular campaigning
• The people are the Government, the sovereign
  power. Jackson

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Culture of an American Hero

• Jackson is perhaps 2nd only to Washington in
  popularity
• Indian Fighter, Old Hickory
• War Hero- New Orleans
• Tough, self-made man
• Epitome or personification of the West
• Independent, strong willed, strong values of what
  is right and wrong

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Jackson Image

• Society in America should be one which
• The planter, the farmer, the mechanic, and the
  laborer, all know that their success depends on
  their own industry and economy.
• Privileges of the Elites will not be allowed to
  stifle opportunity.

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Jackson Image

• Anti- Elitism
• Egalitarianism

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Expansion of Suffrage

• Rapid population growth and industry cause more
  people to want to vote
• New Western states offer voting as a way to
  encourage settlement
• Politicians supported, employers supported
• Western States adopt Universal Manhood Suffrage
• Property requirements removed in West, East
  follows practice

• White Males Vote
• 1824-27
• 1828- 58
• 1840- 80

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Popular campaigning

• Change from period of Deference-1780s-1810
• Open Air Rallies, Barbecues
• Focus on Party Membership (Not issues)
• Getting Votes is key
• Most organized party wins (Van Buren the expert)
• Torchlight Parades
• Candidate Debates
• Drinking
• Banners/Slogans
• Newspapers become important
• Propaganda

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Party Politics

• Mass Politics was key to political power
• Need to organize the population
• Loyalty to party was paramount Idea
• Use favors and rewards patronage for people who
  are helpful in getting votes
• Party must be preserved

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Jackson Inauguration
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Election of 1824

• Democratic-Republicans- begins to divide
• Adams Vs. Jackson
• Vote Split
• Goes into House of Reps
• Clay Supports Adams
• Corrupt Bargain acquisitions Clay is given
  office of Secretary of State
• Jackson is a sore loser

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Election 1828

• Jackson Campaign
• Dirtiest Campaign Ever

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Election of 1828

• Adams
• Seen as elitist
• Seen as corrupt
• Seen as privileged
• Attacked for wasting
• Gambling devices
• Wins 44 of vote- New England, Delaware, New
  Jersey, Maryland

• Jackson Wins great majority
• Power from the west, Calhoun VP
• Called a murderer
• Wife attacked in papers as a Bigamist

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Second Party SystemThe Democratic-Republican
Party Divides

• Whigs- Adams-Clay
• (Similar to Federalists)
• Pro-Bank
• Pro-Tariff
• Pro-National Improvements- Roads, Railroads,
  Canals

• Democrats- Jackson
• Best organization
• Pro-States Rights
• Anti-Bank
• Anti-Tariff
• Anti-Federal funded transportation
• Martin Van Buren- key ally, and successor
• Strong political organizer

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Whigs traditional term for people in England who
tried to weaken the king

• Constituents
• WASPs
• Northeast
• Merchants
• Manufacturers
• Wealthy planters in the South
• Those that wanted stronger ties with the
  industrial North
• Ambitious Farmers and merchants of the West
• Migrants from Northeast to the west
• Aristocrats

• Wanted expansion of Federal power
• Encourage Industrial and commercial development
• Strengthen the ties of the country with
  consolidated economic system
• Cautious of Westward Expansion
• Favored Banks, Corporations,

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Democrats

• Expand economic and political opportunity (Common
  man?- not traditional elites)
• Gov Should be limited
• Gov should remove obstacles to opportunities
• Union is essential to opportunity
• Wanted to attack corrupt privelege

• South
• Some North and West
• Immigrants- NYC
• Irish-
• Germans- Catholic
• Locofocos- (Radical)
• Workingmen
• Small business
• Wanted to attack monopoly and Privilege

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Internal Improvements

• Period of rapid economic expansion
• Canals/steamships, roads, railroads,
• Whigs-Clay support strong improvements paid for
  by Tariff

• Jackson is mixed in his policy
• Believed in strict interpretation of
  Constitution- Federal Gov has limited role-
• Example Maysville road- Clay wants fed to pay
  for road, Jackson says no. Vetoed bill

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Internal Improvements

• Railroads-most in Northeast
• 1840- 3,328 miles cost 17000 per mile

• National Road
• Erie Canal-links Great Lakes to Eastern Seaboard
• Canals-3,326 miles of canals, cost 125 mill
• Goods-?East to West
• Agri-produce ?West to East?Cities

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Eaton Affair and Kitchen Cabinet

• Peggy was wife of Eaton a cabinet minister
  (Secretary of War) was excluded by other cabinet
  wives
• Jackson intercedes
• Calhouns wife ignores request
• Jackson is angry at cabinet

• He forms an informal group of advisors, excludes
  cabinet input except Van Buren
• Calhoun decides to resign- he doesnt like

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Hayne-Webster Debate

• Hayne was a Senator for S. Carolina
• With Calhoun
• Suggest the West should unite with the south
  against the EAST.
• Issues-both regions are victims of Eastern
  econmic tyranny
• Tariff-

• Webster Senator from Massachusetts
• Responds to Hayne
• Keep the Union
• Liberty and Union, now and forever one and
  inseparable. Webster

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Nullification Crisis

• Calhoun- Mr. Southerner
• Advocate of States Rights (major cause of Civil
  War)
• Breaks with Jackson, early, Eaton Affair
• Calhoun quits to be senator from South Carolina

• Jackson quote Our Federal Union it must be
  preserved.
• Calhoun, The Union, next to our liberty most
  dear.
• Highlights differences

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Nullification Crisis

• New Tariff of 1828 cause South to claim Tariff
  of Abominations
• States Rights advocate Calhoun secretly authors
• South Carolina Exposition and Protest
• Created doctrine that said, states could when
  they follow process, Nullify Federal laws

• Tariff causes prices
• Causes prices for imports to
• Causes economic problems for the south

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South Carolina convention passes Ordinance of
Nullification

• Causes Jackson to get tough
• Sends the proclamation to people of South
  Carolina
• Said- Nullification does not exist
• No secession will be allowed
• Disunion by armed force is Treason

• Jackson asked Congress for Force Bill- authority
  to use force on nullifying states
• Clay comes to the rescue with compromise
• Webster supported
• South Carolina and Calhoun back down

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Bank War 1832-33

• Jackson vetoes bank bill-
• Said monopoly on bank favored Eastern rich
• To make the rich richer and the potent more
  powerful, at the expense of the humble members of
  society- the farmers, mechanics, and laborers.
• The federal government must provide equal
  protection under the law.

• Bank of the US needs to be renewed
• Jackson against bank (thought bank had too much
  power)
• Clay wants US bank
• Webster wanted bank
• Biddle- bank president wanted bank

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Results of Bank War

• A number of small banks emerge called Pet Banks
• Speculation results- inflation land and prices go
  up
• Jackson tries to remedy the problem with a idea
  to have one Gold or Silver pay for land (Specie)
• Causes Panic of 1837, paper money loses value,
  and economy goes into depression

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Indian Removal 1830

• Jackson believed Indians and Whites should not
  mix
• Cherokees had developed a significant
  civilization- constitution, farming, written
  language, Sequoia and John Ross are important
  figures.
• Gold was discovered on Cherokee land
• State gov wanted Cherokee land

• Jackson wanted to negotiate treaties for Indian
  Removal
• Many in the tribes didnt want to move
• 1830 Removal Act was passed
• Offered money to relocate Indians
• Indians Resist in the Courts

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Indian Removal

• Law suits go to supreme court- State wins one
  1831 Cherokee Nation v Georgia (ruling is unclear
  regarding state jurisdiction)
• Cherokee win one- Worcester v. Georgia
• Marshall says Indians have right to tribal lands,
  Feds have jurisdiction over tribes and
  negotiations
• Jackson and Fed negotiate treaties with some
  Indians and others disagree 17,000 forces Indians
  to leave
• Cherokee Indians of Georgia are forcibly removed
  from Territory
• 16,000 Indians are forced to leave Georgia and
  sent to Oklahoma

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Worcester V Gerogia

• No. In an opinion delivered by Chief Justice John
  Marshall, the Court held that the Georgia act,
  under which Worcester was prosecuted, violated
  the Constitution, treaties, and laws of the
  United States. Noting that the "treaties and laws
  of the United States contemplate the Indian
  territory as completely separated from that of
  the states and provide that all intercourse with
  them shall be carried on exclusively by the
  government of the union," Chief Justice Marshall
  argued, "The Cherokee nation, then, is a distinct
  community occupying its own territory in which
  the laws of Georgia can have no force. The whole
  intercourse between the United States and this
  nation, is, by our constitution and laws, vested
  in the government of the United States." The
  Georgia act thus interfered with the federal
  government's authority and was unconstitutional.
  Justice Henry Baldwin dissented for procedural
  reasons and on the merits.

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Jackson and the Taney Court

• Friend of Jackson
• Open interpretation of Constitution
• Favored expansion of opportunity
• States rights
• Example of Charles River Bridge v Warren Bridge

• The object of government was to promote general
  happiness
• A state, therefore, had rights to amend or
  abrogate a contract if such action was necessary
  to advance the well being of the community.

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Martin Van Buren democrat

• Hand picked successor of Jackson
• Gets caught up with the problem of banks and
  economic depression
• Panic of 1837
• Loses to Whig Harrison

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Log Cabin Campaign- 1840

• Popular Campaigning
• Whigs Copy the Democrats in Campaign techniques
• William Henry Harrison- Tippecanoe
• (Fought Tecumseh and the Prophet)
• Indian Fighter, Ohio, Popular

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