CH. 10 THE AGE OF JACKSON

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CH. 10 THE AGE OF JACKSON

• STUDENT NOTES

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ELECTION OF 1824

• 4 candidates JQA, HC, WC, AJ
• Highest lowest
• Jackson, Adams, Crawford, Clay
• HoR picks from top 3
• Clays influence aided Adams
• Clay Secretary of State
• Jacksonians labeled election Corrupt Bargain
  NO EVIDENCE
• Politically costly in later elections

3
Corrupt Bargain

• Adams becomes president
• Clay becomes Secretary of State
• End of the Era of Good Feelings
• New Two-Party System
• Democrats vs. Whigs

John Quincy Adams President
Henry Clay Secretary of State
4
John Quincy Adams Failed Presidency

• Minority President
• Policies sought to increase nationalism reflect
  American System (strong central gov)
• Blocked by Jacksonians in Congress
• Tariff of 1828 passed

5
Election of 1828

• John Q. Adams
• National programs never had a chance
• Andrew Jackson
• B/t 1824-28 rallied supporters MVB formed
  Democratic Party
• New Two Party System Dems v. Whigs
• Era of the Common Man

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EARLY LIFE

• Born 1767 in South Carolina
• Parents were immigrants
• Father died before he was born
• Mother and brother died during Revolution
• Raised by a wealthy uncle
• No formal education
• 13 years old served as a mounted courier for
  Continental army
• POW of British
• At 20, became a lawyer
• Married Rachel Robards in 1791 while living in TN
• Famous duel with Charles Dickinson
• Jackson killed him
• Got shot in the chest, never removed bullet

7
JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY

• No clear platform
• Reduce fed. Function BUT strengthen presidency
• Believed in states rights and national supremacy
• Against
• Aristocracyeven though hes rich
• Rights for AA, NA, and womenbut believes in
  democracy
• Elimination of property ownership to vote
• Universal manhood suffrage
• Inauguration Old Hickory popularly supported

8
Mass Participation

• King Mob vs. King Caucus
• Vigorous public campaigns
• Party loyalty
• Spoils system

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Spoils System

• Politicians reward supporters with government
  jobs
• to the victor go the spoils of the enemy
  nothing new just first to be criticized
• Corruption?
• Rotation in office?
• Political patronage

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Jackson vs. The Great Triumvirate
Webster (North)
Clay (West)
Calhoun (South)
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TARIFF OF 1828

• Tariff of Abominations protective tariff
  reenactment of tariff of 1828
• Hurt south, favored northern commerce, enhanced
  power of central gov
• South Carolina Exposition and Protest
• nullification of this unconstitutional tariff
  same arguments as VA and KY Resolutions
• VP John C. Calhoun
• Nullification Crisis
• not supported by AJ
• Calhoun eventually resigned
• Tariff of 1833 which reduced rates of 10 years
• Henry Clay Great Compromiser

12
1828 tariff of Abominations

• Highest tariff in U.S. history
• Protected U.S. manufacturers from British
  competition
• Helped North
• Angered South
• Jackson didnt like the tariff, but swore to
  enforce it

13
Webster-Hayne Debate

• Daniel Webster (MA)
• National supremacy
• Liberty and union, now and forever, one and
  inseparable
• Robert Hayne (SC)
• States rights

14
South Carolina Exposition Protest

• John C. Calhoun (S.C.)
• Nullification of tariff
• States rights
• Sectionalism

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Force Bill of 1833

• Congress authorized Jackson to use military force
  to collect tariffs in S.C.
• National supremacy

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Compromise tariff of 1833

• Henry Clay (obv)
• Gradual reduction of tariff rates over time
• Eased sectional tensions
• The issue would rise again

17
Peggy Eaton Affair

• AKA Petticoat Affair
• Peggy ONeale married John Eaton, AJs Sec. of
  War
• Cabinet wife
• Mrs. Calhoun (head of cabinet wives) ostracized
  Peggy b/c rumors of affair
• AJ remembered Rachel
• Drove Calhoun and AJ a part
• AJ fired cabinet Kitchen Cabinet

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Parlor cabinet vs. Kitchen Cabinet

• Jackson dismissed 5 of his 8 cabinet members
• Informal kitchen cabinet
• Van Buren remained loyal
• he will later become Jacksons V.P.

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INDIAN REMOVAL

• Indian Removal Act (1830) granted land (in OK)
  and to NA who would give up ancestral holdings
• Cherokee Nation in GA
• Gold discovered in territory Cherokees refused
  to leave land
• Supreme Court (Marshall) sided with Cherokees
• AJ ignored court
• John Marshall has made his decision, now let him
  enforce it. HES NOT ALLOWED TO DO THAT!
• Trail of Tears (1838) 15-18,000 Cherokees walked
  to OK under federal supervision ¼ died

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Worchester v. Georgia, 1832

• Laws of Georgia can have no force in Cherokee
  territory
• Jackson ignored the Supreme Courts ruling
• supposedly said John Marshall has made his
  decision, now let him enforce it!

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2nd BANK OF THE UNITED STATES

• 1832 Congress reauthorized it AJ vetoed
• The Bank is trying to destroy me, but I will
  kill it.
• Withdrew money from the BUS and placed in pet
  banks in the states
• facilitated access to loans for farmers but state
  banks not stable and caused Panic of 1837 BUS
  charter up in 1836 ceased to exist

22
National Bank Crisis

• Jackson vetoed bank
• Congress overrode veto
• Jackson withdrew funds, placed them in state
  pet banks

23
Parties Leaders
National Republicans/ Whigs
Jacksonian Democrats
Southern Democrats
Old Federalists
John Q. Adams
Henry Clay
Andrew Jackson
Martin Van Buren
John C. Calhoun
John Marshall
National Supremacy States Rights
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SECOND PARTY SYSTEM
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WHIG PARTY

• Founded 1833
• Opposed Jacksonian Democracy
• Second party system
• Clay's vision of the "American System
• rapid economic and industrial growth
• market-oriented economy
• bank credit
• high tariffs
• national bank
• expansion of the road and canal systems

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Rise of Van Buren

• Martin Van Buren
• Gov. of NY 1828
• AJs Sec. of State 1829
• 1833 VP
• Jacksons hand picked successor
• Opposition Whigs ran 3 candidates hoping for
  HoR to decide

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Martin Van Ruin

• Unpopular president
• Economic recession
• Border conflicts
• Angered Democrats by opposing Texas annexation
• Weak leadership compared to Jackson

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Van Buren Administration

• Father of Democratic Party
• Administration defined by Panic of 1837
• Causes speculative fever, end of BUS, specie
  circular, deflationary backlash bank defaults
• Banks and businesses failed, unemployment grew,
  bread riots, infrastructure projects failed
• Worst depression until that point 5 yrs.

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1840 Campaign

• Appeal to the common man frontier spirit of
  self-reliance
• Log Cabin Hard Cider
• Tippecanoe Tyler Too

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John Tyler Becomes President

• President without a party
• Opposed Whigs nationalist economic programs