The Cold War Begins

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The Cold War Begins 1945- 1952 The United
States Stand at the Summit of the World Winston
Churchill, 1945
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Post-War Economy

• After WWII, many Americans worried that we might
  sink into the Depression again
• 1946-1947 GNP dropped, inflation (33), epidemic
  strikes (4.6 million workers)
• 1947- Republicans took control of Congress (1st
  time in 14 years!!)
• Taft-Hartley Act (over Trumans veto)
• outlawed closed shops
• unions liable for damages from jurisdictional
  disputes
• required union leaders to take non-communist
  oath.
• Union membership organization would decline
  in years after WWII.

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Union Membership Declines

• Unions failed to unionize South West
• 1948- CIOs Operation Dixie failed to unionize
  southern textile workers steel workers.
• Service Sector grew middle-aged women hard to
  organize.

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Government Actions to Prop up the Economy

• Sold war factories to private businesses at low
  prices
• 1946- Employment Act- became government policy to
  promote maximum employment, production,
  purchasing power.
• Council of Economic Advisors- created to advise
  president on economic issues
• 2. Servicemens Readjustment Act (1944)- The
  GI Bill - provided veterans with loans for
  college, homes, businesses (through the VA)
• 8 million veterans received higher education
• 14.5 Billion- (paid by taxpayers)
• Economic property 1950-1970.

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The Economic BOOM 1950-1970

• National income doubled-1960s (1 trillion-1973)
• Americans (6 worlds population) had (40
  wealth)
• Paved the way for social mobility, civil rights
  movement, new entitlements Medicare, Medicaid,
  Cold War leadership.
• Size of the Middle-Class doubled
• 90 owned TV sets by end of the 1950s
• 60 owned homes
• Women reaped greatest rewards of prosperity
  offices shops more employment
• 1995- women accounted for 50 workforce

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Prosperity of the 1950s 1960s

• a. Military Spending
• 1950s economy fueled by Korean War
• 1960s Cold War spending 10 of GNP defense
  spending
• Defense Spending money for aerospace, plastics,
  electronics- research (Rand Corp)
• b. Cheap Energy- US Britain controlled cheap
  oil from Middle East US builds highways,
  electricity generation (1945-1970)
• c. Worker Productivity Increased- due to better
  education (1950-1960s- standard of living
  doubled)
• d. Rise of large Agribusinesses- Americans left
  farming farms consolidated (giant machinery, new
  fertilizers )
• 1990s 2 of US population farms produces
  most of the worlds food.

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Social Themes of the Post-war

• Migrations- 1945-1975- 30 million people moved
  every three years.
• Families affected- distance divided parents from
  children
• Dr. Spocks The Common Sense Book of Baby and
  Child Care gave child raising advice once given
  by parents grandparents.
• Friendships hard to sustain

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Social Themes

• 2. Growth of the Sunbelt 15 states from
  Virginia to Florida California.
• Better climate lower taxes lured many
• Jobs- California electronics aerospace in
  Florida Texas
• Federal dollars- increased job growth (125
  billion more than northeast)
• Northeast Rustbelt
• Every President since 1964 came from Sunbelt
  South West more political power

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Social Themes

• 3. The Baby Boom- birth explosion for decade and
  half after 1945.
• 50 million children
• Crested in 1957 then birth rates dropped
• 1970- elementary school attendance 34 million
• Canned baby food products

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Social Themes

• 4. The Rush to the Suburbs- Whites left the
  cities and moved to the suburbs. Why?
• Government Policies government loans through
  FHA VA (Veterans Authority), tax incentives,
  built highways.
• By 1960, 1 in 4 Americans live in suburbs.
• Effects of Suburbanization
• White Flight leaves cities brown, black, and
  broke.
• Growth of the construction industry.
• Revolutionized home building techniques.

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Levittown

• 1940s-- the Levitt Brothers built homes on Long
  Island, NY using revolutionary new methods of
  efficient and fast building.
• Criticsthese mass produced homes were boring
  aesthetically

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36.2 (Page 862-872) Presidency of Harry Truman
the Cold War

• Assumes presidency (1945-48) when FDR dies
• Serves a second term 1948-1952
• former WWI officer US Senator from Missouri
• Last President without a college degree
• Famous quotes The Buck Stops Here If you
  cant stand the heat, get out of the kitchen.

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Europe after WWII
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Origins of the Cold War

• A. Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945)- major issues
  regarding post war Europe were discussed.
• Poland- Churchill FDR agreed to recognize
  Polish government set up by Soviets
• Stalin agreed to include members of pre-war
  Polish government (non-communists) allow free
  elections as soon as possible.
• Declaration of Liberated Europe- the right to
  people to choose their own government
  democratic governments!
• Divide Germany into 4 zones (US, Britain, France,
  USSR)- also divide Berlin into 4 zones.
• Stalin wanted Germany to pay heavy reparations
  to USSR FDR urged him to accept equipment from
  US, French, British zones.
• Stalins goal- keep Germany weak economically
  set up friendly governments as a buffer.
• A FEW WEEKS AFTER THE CONFERENCE- USSR DID NOT
  ALLOW FREE ELCETIONS IN POLAND.

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Germany, 1947- Allied Zones
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Origins of the Cold War

• B. Mutual Suspicions (US terminated lend-lease
  aid 1945) Differing Goals- over German recovery
  (US wants rapid recovery Soviets want Germany
  weak).
• C. Communism vs. Capitalism- diametrically
  opposed ideas
• D. US did not include USSR in atomic bomb
  development
• The Cold War- era of conflict between the US
  USSR for domination of the world (lasted 45
  years)
• Containment- (1947-1989)US strategy during the
  Cold War.
• Developed by George Kennan (Russian expert)
• Wrote thelong telegram (8,000 plus words)
  that was the origin of containment

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US Efforts to Rebuild the World Keep it Safe

• The Breton Woods Conference (1944) New
  Hampshire Allies create IMF World Bank.
• International Monetary Fund- encourage world
  trade by regulating currency exchange.
• World Bank- to promote growth of underdeveloped
  countries (war ravaged)
• USSR did not participate
• 2. The United Nations (1945) 50 nations met
  in San Francisco drew up UN Charter.
• Security Council dominated by the Big Five-
  US, Britain, USSR, France, China (all have veto
  power)- diff. from League of Nations
• General Assembly- all nations are members
• Approved by US Senate (89-2)
• Permanent home NYC

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United Nations

• Successes- preserve peace in Iran, Kashmir
  (Pakistan), Israel
• Greatest Achievements- WHO (Health), FAO
  (Hunger), UNESCO (Education)
• The UN the Atomic Question
• 1946- US delegate to the UN (Bernard Baruch)
  wanted the UN free from great power veto with
  world wide authority over atomic energy weapons
  research.
• Soviets proposed atomic weapons by all nations be
  outlawed- Truman refused the Soviets shot down
  Baruchs proposal.

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The Iron Curtain Descends

• March 1946- Winston Churchill gives a speech in
  the US an iron curtain has descended across
  the continent.
• The Nuremburg Trials (1945-1946)
• Allied trials of German war criminals (officers)
• Highest ranking officer on trial (Herman Goering)
• 12 Nazis hanged, 7 sentenced to prison

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The Iran Crisis

• At the end of WWII US Soviet troops occupied
  Iran.
• 1946- Stalin refused to remove his troops from
  Iran threatened oil supplies
• Truman sent the USS Missouri to eastern
  Mediterranean sent a strong message.
• The Soviets withdrew

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The Truman Doctrine

• 1947- Containment developed as US policy
• Greece 1947
• Britain can no longer afford to fight support
  efforts against anti-Communist groups in Greece
• If Greece fell- Turkey might fall to the
  Soviets
• Truman asks Congress for money to support groups
  fighting against communists in Greece
• 400 million sent to Greece Turkey Truman
  Doctrine
• it must be the policy of the US to support the
  free peoples who are resisting attempted
  subjugation

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The Marshall Plan

• 1947- France, Italy, Germany threatened with
  chaos hunger due to the war communist parties
  in these countries appealed to many.
• June 1947- Sec. of State George C. Marshall
  invited Europeans to work out a joint plan of
  economic recovery the US would fund it.
• Democratic nations developed a plan (Paris)
• Marshall offered Soviets the same Soviets
  refused
• Plan provided aid mainly to Europe but also to
  Asia
• Approximately 50 billion total
• Effects
• Prevented Italy France from turning Communist
• Created a plan for European Union
• Beginnings of globalization

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Devastation of Europe
American Aid Marshall Plan
Aid Logo
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Recognition of Israel

• After WWII- a state for Jewish people was carved
  from Palestine (Arab claimed land) with approval
  of the United Nations.
• May 1946- President Truman officially recognized
  Israel.
• Effects complicates US /Arab relations, US
  dependence on oil will be used against us

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The US Military Industrial Complex Grows

• 1947- National Security Act
• Department of Defense Sec. of Defense created
  (located in Pentagon- leads military)
• Joint Chiefs of Staff- top commanders of all
  service branches advise future presidents on
  military matters.
• CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)- coordinates US
  government spy service info gathering.
• National Security Council advises the president
  on foreign issues
• 1948-1971- Conscription of 19-25 year olds

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The German Crisis

• Germany had been divided into 4 zones (controlled
  by the Big Five)
• Berlin (capital city) divided into 4 zones
• Western Allies (US, Britain, France) refused to
  allow USSR to have reparations from their zones
  (Stalin believed this was a promise made at
  Yalta)
• Western Allies advocated for the reunification
  of Germany- angered the Soviets.
• East Germany, Poland, Hungary satellite
  nations bound to the USSR
• West Germany linked to the West (US)

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The Berlin Airlift-1948

• Berlin was located deep in the USSR zone- but
  divided into sectors occupied by all allies.
• 1948- USSR cut off all rail road traffic to
  Berlin
• Berliners not yet recovered from the war might
  starve
• President Truman- authorized US planes to airlift
  supplies into Berlin (1000s of tons a day- for a
  year).
• May 1949- USSR removed the blockade two
  separate German governments resulted

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NATO v. the Warsaw Pact

• April 1949- NATO est. (North Atlantic Treaty
  Organization)- Western European democracies US
  form alliance.
• HUGE CHANGE IN US FOREIGN POLICY
• 1ST Foreign treaty since Franco-American treaty
  1788 that commits troops to battle overseas
• an attack on one is an attack on all
• Senate approves -82-13 Treaty
• 15 countries participate
• The Warsaw Pact
• Defensive alliance for Soviets Eastern European
  allies iron curtain commies

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NATO Versus the Warsaw Pact
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Reconstruction of Japan

• Reconstruction in Japan commanded by Gen. Douglas
  MacArthur goal Democratization
• 1946-1948- War Crimes Trials of Japanese
  officials 18 served prison terms 7 hanged
• Japanese cooperation helped speed the process
  up
• 1946- Japan adopted a constitution (drawn up by
  MacArthur)
• Renounced militarism
• Provided for female equality
• Western style democracy
• Within 20 years Japan became an industrial
  power

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China Turns Red

• A bloody civil war between Nationalists (Jiang
  Jieshi)) Communists led by Mao Zedong.
• US supported the government led by Nationalist
• 1949- Jiang Jieshi fled to Formosa (Tiawan)
  China fell to the communist (500 million people)
• US lost a major ally in Asia
• Republicans blamed President Truman for
  allowing China to fall to the Communists.

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The Arms Race Begins

• September 1949- Soviet Union detonated their 1st
  atomic bomb
• Truman ordered the US to develop the H-Bomb
  (1000 times more powerful) than the atom bomb.
• Scientists like J. Robert Oppenheimer warned the
  president against development of this bomb
  (genocide)
• 1952- US detonated the 1st H-Bomb
• 1953- Soviets detonated their 1st H-Bomb
• Mutual Assured Destruction- peace through
  mutual terror prevented a nuclear exchange.

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The Red Scare at Home

• 1947- Igor Gouzenko (Soviet) in Canada defected
  to the US carrying papers that proved Soviets
  spies were trying to infiltrate US Canadian
  governments.
• A. The Loyalty Review Program (1947) US
  attorney general drew up a list of 90 disloyal
  organizations.
• Investigated more than 3 million federal
  employees (3,000 resigned or were fired).
• B. States required oaths of loyalty from
  state workers.
• Could we retain our freedoms during the Cold
  War?

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HUAC Alger Hiss

• 1938 Congress createdHouse Un-American
  Activities Committee (HUAC)- to investigate
  subversion.
• 1948- HUAC member Congressman Richard Nixon led
  investigation of Alger Hiss.
• Hiss was accused of being a communist agent in
  the 1930s (former New Dealer- work in FDR
  administration)
• Hiss denied everything under oath
• The Pumpkin Papers- a key witness against Hiss
  testified produced evidence said to have been
  left for him by Hiss in a hollowed out pumpkin.
• 1950 - Hiss was convicted of perjury 5 years in
  prison.

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The 1948 Election

• 1946- Republicans had taken control of Congress
• Republicans nominated Thomas Dewey
• Democratic Party divided not enthusiastic about
  Truman- wanted to nominate Dwight Eisenhower but
  he declined.
• Trumans nomination opposed by Southern Democrats
  (13 STATES) because of Trumans stance on civil
  rights (he integrated the US Armed Forces 1948)
• Democrats nominated Truman
• Southern Democrats formed the Dixiecrats
  nominated Strom Thurmond of SC STATES RIGHTS
  PLATFORM
• Progressive Party- nominated former Dem. Henry
  Wallace (supported by New Dealers, pacifists,
  communists)
• Dewey seemed the front runner
• Election night- some Newspapers printed copies
  saying Dewey Wins
• Truman won with help of farmers, workers, blacks
  

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DEWEY WINS??????
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Trumans- Point Four Fair Deal

• Inaugural address outline Point Four- lend US
  money technical support to undeveloped nations
  prevent spread of communism (US helped in Latin
  America, Africa, Near East, Far East.
• The Fair Deal- at home promised
• Improved housing
• Full employment
• New TVAs
• Extension of Social Security
• New min. wage
• Southern Democrats Republicans blocked most
  of the Fair Deal
• Passed public housing (Housing Act), extended
  SS, raising min. wage

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The Rosenberg's

• Many experts believed that the Soviets had help
  in attaining the atomic bomb
• 1950- US investigated a British scientist who
  admitted giving secrets to the Soviets
  implicated a couple from NY Julius Ethel
  Rosenberg .
• The Rosenberg's were admittedly Communists but
  denied giving secrets to Soviets.
• Both were executed 1953 (left two orphaned
  children)

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Senator Joseph McCarthy

• Feb. 1950- Sen. McCarthy announced that he had
  evidence (list of 205 State Department workers)
  who were communists.
• 1946 McCarthy defeated Robert La Follette by
  calling him a communist
• 1952- Republicans took control of Congress
  McCarthy placed head of Senate Committee on
  Investigations forced people to testify.
• McCarthy used flimsy evidence to destroy lives
  careers
• 1954- Army-McCarthy Hearings- McCarthy accused
  members of the armed forces of being communists
  (including George Marshall).
• McCarthy was formally censured by the Senate
  died in 1957
• Red Scare of the 1950s McCarthyism

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The McCarran Act

• President Truman others felt the red scare was
  turning into a witch hunt
• 1950 McCarran Internal Security Act- authorized
  the president to arrest detain suspicious
  people during an internal security emergency
• Truman vetoed the bill
• Congress passed it over his veto

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The Korean Conflict

• US Soviet troops had occupied Korea during WWII
  (A Japanese colony since 1910).
• Japanese troops surrendered there to Soviet US
  forces after the war
• US forces est. a regime in South Korea
• Soviets est. a regime in North Korea
• 1949- US Soviet forces withdrew forces from
  Korea two hostile armed regimes left behind.
• June 25, 1950- North Korean troops crossed the
  38th parallel pushed South Korean forces to
  Pusan perimeter.

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North Korean Invasion June 1950
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Trumans Response

• June 1950- Truman obtained unanimous condemnation
  of invasion by UN (USSR WAS ABSENT)
• Truman orders US air naval support for S. Korea
  (WITHOUT APPROVAL OF Congress)
• UN Sec. Council called on all members to give
  assistance multinational police action led by
  the US directed by Gen. MacArthur.
• Sept. 1950- McArthur led invasion at Inchon
  behind enemy lines pushed the enemy all the
  way to the Yalu River (border with China).
• Nov. 1950- 1000s of Chinese soldiers crossed the
  border pushed UN troops back to 38th parallel .

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INCHON INVASION
Stalemate 1951-1953
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Limited War

• Limited war- a war fought to achieve limited
  objectives.
• McArthur wanted to blockade China even proposed
  to Truman that we drop the bomb on them.- there
  is no substitute for victory
• Truman resisted Truman pushed for a limited
  war to contain communism
• April 11, 1951 Truman removes McArthur from
  command
• July 1951- truce talks begin goes on for nearly
  two years

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National Security Council Memorandum 68

• North Korean invasion 1950- provided for an
  excuse to expand militarily
• NSC-68
• US should quadruple its military spending
• US spent 50 billion per year (13 GNP) HAD 3.5
  million men in services
• Significance- major increase in militarization
  of US foreign policy
• Assumed US economy could absorb costs