Chapter 28 THE ONSET OF THE COLD WAR

1
Chapter 28THE ONSET OF THE COLD WAR

• America Past and Present

2
The Cold War BeginsIssues Dividing US USSR

• Control of Postwar Europe
• Fundamental disagreement
• Economic Aid
• Soviet economy devastated
• Nuclear Disarmament
• Overshadowed all else

p.810
3
The Division of Europe

• 1945 Russians occupied eastern Europe,
  American troops occupied western Europe Germany
  was the key
• Soviet Union sought eastern European buffer
• US demanded national self-determination through
  free elections throughout Europe
• Stalin converted eastern Europe into a system of
  satellite nations
• Lowered the Iron Curtain from the Baltic to the
  Adriatic Churchills term
• One by one, communist regimes replaced coalition
  govts in Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria

p.810-811
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Europe after World War II
p.811
5
Germany 1945
NIB
6
Withholding Economic Aid

• Soviets devastated by World War II
• 15 to 20M lives lost
• 30k factories destroyed
• 40k mi of railroad track destroyed
• Wartime ambassador, Averell Harriman, Economic
  aid is one of our most effective weapons
• 1945 United States halted Lend-Lease shipments
  to the Soviets
• Soviets moved factories from captured territories

p.811-812
7
The Atomic Dilemma

• 1943 Nuclear race between US USSR
• 1946 Bernard Baruch Plan
• Rapid reduction of US military force
• Baruch Plan presented to the UN
  favored US atomic monopoly
• Would have preserved the status quo
• Soviet Union
• Larger conventional army than US
• Ambassador Andrei Gromyko
  presented plan to abolish atomic weapons
• Favored the Soviets
• No agreements Cold War

p.812-813
8
Containment

• 1947 George C. Marshall appointed Secretary of
  State
• Appointed talented subordinates
• Undersecretary Dean Acheson
• Experienced Wash lawyer
• Wanted to see US take over as supreme arbiter of
  world affairs
• George Kennan headed newly created Policy
  Planning Staff
• Soviet expert
• Fluent in Russian
• They set the course for containment

p.813
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The Truman Doctrine

• 1947 Truman sought funds to keep Greece, Turkey
  in Western sphere of influence
• Truman Doctrine Support free peoples who are
  resisting attempted subjugation by armed
  minorities or outside pressure
• Doctrine an informal declaration of cold war
  against the Soviet Union

p.813-814
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The Marshall Plan

• If US could not solve Western
  Europes economic problems, it
  was feared that it would drift into the communist
  orbit
• 1947 George Marshall proposed aid for
  rebuilding European industries
• A massive infusion of American capital to finance
  the economic recovery of Europe (Soviets
  included)
• USSR refused aid Didnt want to lose control of
  Eastern Europe
• 1948 Marshall Plan adopted by Congress
• Plan fostered western European prosperity

p.814-815
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Marshall Plan to Aid Europe, 19481952
Massive infusion of US capital
p.815
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Marshall Plan to Aid Europe, 19481952
Massive infusion of US capital
p.815
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Marshall Plan to Aid Europe, 19481952
Massive infusion of US capital
p.815
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The Western Military Alliance

• 1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• Military alliance included US, Canada, most of
  western Europe
• US troops stationed in Europe
• Represented a departure from traditional American
  isolationism
• NATO intensified USSR's fear of the West

p.815-816
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The Berlin Blockade

• June 1948 The main Soviet response to
  the US containment strategy was the blockade of
  Berlin
• Cut off all rail highway traffic
• Truman ordered airlift to supply the city
• 10k troops 2M civilians in Berlin
• Soviets could have shot down cargo planes
• Sent 60 atomic capable B-29s in England
• 1949 Russians end blockade
• Tremendous US political victory

p.816-817
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The Cold War Expands

• 1947 US vs. Soviet arms race accelerated
• The Superpowers sought to expand their influence
  in the Far East

p.817
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The Military Dimension

• 1947 National Security Act
• Department of Defense
  established
• Army Navy Air Force (new)
• Central Intelligence Agency coordinated
  intelligence-gathering
• National Security Council advised president
• Defense budget devoted to air power
• 1949 First Russian atomic bomb exploded, US
  began hydrogen bomb development (1000x)

p.817-818
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The Cold War in Asia

• 1945 US consolidates hold on Japan, former
  Japanese possessions in Pacific
• 1949 Victory of Mao Tse-tungs Communists over
  Chaing Kai-sheks Nationals brings China into
  Soviet orbit
• Truman refused recognition of Communist China
  began building up Japan

p.818-819
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The Korean War

• June 1950 Communist North Korean forces,
  following Kim il-Sung (backed by China backed by
  the Soviets), invaded US-influenced South Korea
• Truman made South Koreas defense a UN effort
  sent in US troops
• US routed Korean forces in South
• Attempt to unify Korea drew in China
• With help from China, US pushed back to South
  war became a stalemate
• Most significant result Massive American
  rearmament
• US Army expanded to 3.5M

Kim Jong-il
p.819-821
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The Korean War, 19501953

• Most significant result Massive American
  rearmament

p.820
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The Cold War at Home

• Truman tried to carry on the New Deal reform
  tradition he had inherited from FDR, but American
  people more concerned about events abroad
• Fears of Communist subversion
• Republicans used anticommunism to revive their
  party

p.824
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Truman's Troubles

• Prices rose quickly following WWII when Congress
  ended wartime controls
• Workers lost pay due to loss of overtime
• Labor unrest swept the country culminating in
  critical strikes
• Truman asked Congress for power to draft striking
  railway workers into the Army
• Businesses raised wages, but passed the cost on
  to consumers
• 1946 Republicans won majority in both houses of
  Congress
• To err is Truman Had enough?

p.824
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Truman Vindicated

• 1948 election Truman thought unelectable
• Northern liberals supported Henry Wallaces
  Progressive candidacy
• Southern Democrats supported Dixiecrat Strom
  Thurmond (anti-civil rights, racist)
• Republican Thomas Dewey was overconfident ran
  bland campaign, failed to challenge Truman on
  Cold War because of the Berlin Crisis
• Roosevelt coalition reelected Truman on domestic
  issues

p.824-825
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100
p.825
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The Loyalty Issue

• Growing paranoia over communist spies
• Canadians uncovered Soviet spy ring in 1946
• US House Un-American Activities Committee held
  hearings regarding agents in the Depts of
  Agriculture Treasury
• Truman was compelled to take action initiated a
  loyalty program
• Required security checks 1000s of govt workers
  lost their jobs on suspicion
• Most famous disclosure in US govt came when
  Whittaker Chambers (a repentant communist)
  accused Alger Hiss, a former State Dept official,
  of having been a Soviet spy during the 1930s

p.825-826
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The Loyalty Issue

• Chambers led investigators to a hollowed-out
  pumpkin on his Maryland farm in which were found
  microfilms of govt documents
• Chambers claimed Hiss had passed them to him in
  the late 1930s
• Statute of limitations had passed, so Hiss
  escaped treason charges, but was convicted of
  perjury in 1950 sentenced to a 5 yr prison
  sentence

53-56
p.825-826
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Klaus Fuchs Julius Ethel Rosenberg

• Soviets tested their first atomic bomb in Sep
  1949
• Soviet espionage was very real
• In early 1950, Klaus Fuchs (fled Germany in the
  30s), a British scientist who had worked on the
  Manhattan Project admitted passing A-bomb
  information to the Soviets
• Sentenced to 14 yrs
• 1951 Jury found Julius Ethel Rosenberg guilty
  of passing atomic secrets to the Soviets
• Electrocuted in 1953

p.827
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McCarthyism in Action

• 1950s Senator Joseph McCarthy launched
  a 4½ yr anticommunist campaign the Red
  Scare
• Accused 100s of govt officials of being
  communists
• Kept up a continuous onslaught, truth was lost
  among the latest blasts
• He failed to unearth a single confirmed communist
  in govt
• He exploited the press/media w/ great skill
• His accusations contributed heavily to the
  Republican victory in 1952

p.826-828
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The Republicans in Power

• 1952 Eisenhower captures White House for
  Republican Party
• July 1953 Stalemate accepted in Korea
• Eisenhower dealt passively with McCarthy
• Refused to directly attack him
• I refuse to get into a ping contest with a
  skunk
• 1954 Attack on Army discredited
  McCarthy who is then censured
• Career ruined
• Have you no decency, sir?

p.828-830
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The Election of 1952
Had promised to bring the Korean War to an early
honorable end
p.829
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Eisenhower Wages the Cold War

• Eisenhower prefers to work behind-the scenes
• Eisenhower wanted to relax tensions with Soviets
• Concerned about defense budget (went gt50B under
  Truman)
• Cut back Army Navy relied on Air Force
  nuclear striking power, brought budget lt40B
• Eisenhowers new look policy relied on massive
  retaliation to deter Soviet attacks

p.830-831
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Entanglement in Indochina

• Since 1950, US had been providing military
  economic aid to the French in their war w/
  communist guerrillas led by Ho Chi Minh
• French were surrounded at Dien Bien Phu
• Ike did not provide assistance, French defeated
• Viet Nam divided between North South at an
  international convention in Geneva
• Ho would control the North the French the South
• US gradually took over from the French
  established a puppet govt
• Concerned about spread of
  communism, but didnt want
  to fight them in the jungle

p.831-832
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Containing China

• Believing the communist govt in Peking posed a
  serious threat, Ike took a strong stance against
  against China
• The object was to drive a wedge between China
  the USSR
• Chinese threaten to invade Formosa, an island
  group off their coast where Chaing Kai-sheks
  Nationalists had settled
• US spted these Nationalists, China backed
  down when Soviets would not help

p.832
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Turmoil in the Middle East

• 1956 Egyptian leader Gamal Nasser
  seized the Suez Canal
• Problem Owned by English French citizens
• France England invaded Egypt
• Ike was opposed, wanted a diplomatic soln
• Soviets announced they would spt Egypt
• Ikes most serious foreign policy crisis
• Gained Middle East trust by pressuring English
  French withdrawal
• 1958 Lebanon asked for US help to maintain
  order Another Cold War arena
• Political problems between Christians Muslims
• Peace maintained

p.832-833
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Covert Actions

• Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) used
  to achieve covert objectives
• Iran CIA restored the Shah to power
• American oil companies rewarded w/ lucrative
  concessions
• A country on Soviet border
• Guatemala CIA ousts leftist govt
• Eastern Europe Refused to help 1953 East German
  protesters or 1956 Hungarian freedom fighters
• Ike used a mixture of techniques (diplomacy,
  threats, covert). He seemed to believe that the
  ends justify the means

p.833
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Waging Peace

• Nuclear test ban treaty
• US USSR agreed to suspend nuclear testing in
  the atmosphere
• Ike wanted Open skies Nikita Khrushchev
  (followed Stalin) did not agree
• October 1957 Russians launched Sputnik
• May 1960, U-2 Crisis Soviets shot down spy
  plane Peace talks cancelled

We will bury you
p.833-835
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The Continuing Cold War

• Jan 1961 Eisenhower warned against growing
  military-industrial complex
• Post-war era marked by Cold War rather than peace
  tranquility

p.835
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Chapter 28THE ONSET OF THE COLD WAR

• America Past and Present
• End