Cold War (1946 to 1992)

1
Cold War (1946 to 1992)

• Focus 1953 to 1992
• Already went over Truman!

2
Dwight Eisenhower (1953-1961)

• Brinkmanship A foreign policy theory which
  supported using nuclear arms as a threat against
  communist nations that were seen to be
  challenging America or its influence.
• Eisenhower Doctrine Announced by Eisenhower and
  approved by Congress in 1957, this doctrine
  stated that a nation could request economic or
  military assistance from the US if it was under
  attack or threatened by another state.

http//www.sjsapush.com/ch28.php
"Brinkmanship Timeline." Mtholyoke.edu. Mount
Holyoke College, n.d. Web. 18 Mar. 2014. "The
Eisenhower Doctrine, 1957." History.state.gov.
U.S. Department of the State Office of the
Historian, n.d. Web. 18 Mar. 2014.
3
US in Iran (1953)
EXAMPLE

• Overview US involvement
• In 1951 Mohammed Mossadegh (Irans PM)
  nationalized oil which led to boycott from other
  nations. As a result of Irans faltering economy,
  US (CIA), who feared that Iran will soon turn to
  USSR for economic assistance, supported a coup
  for the shah (monarch of Iran) to replace
  Mossadegh with Reza Pahlevi in 1953.
• Significance
• West secured Iranian oil prevented USSR from
  establishing close ties with Iran
• Iranians resented the Shahs relationship with US
  and the US
• Precursor to the Eisenhower doctrine (1957)
• Kennedy, D., Cohen, L., Bailey, T. (2002). The
  american pageant. (12th ed., p. 901). New York,
  NY Houghton Mifflin Company.
• Pics
• Picture of Mossadegh from http//funnycasino.b
  logspot.com/2011/02/ousted-regimes.html
• British viewpoint of Iran nationalizing Oil from
  http//headquarters.opinionware.net/nationalizatio
  n-the-crisis-begins/

4
Soviet Union explodes first Hydrogen Bomb (1953)

• August 20th, 1953 USSR successfully detonates
  its H-Bomb in Kazakhstan (about 9 months after
  the development of the United States)
• The bomb was 26 times as destructive as the
  American atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima in
  1945!! (Now we are working with nuclear weapons)
• The USSR was now back at the forefront of the
  Arms Race even though they were almost a year
  behind the US
• Significance
• Showed the Soviet Unions scientific power their
  atomic bomb was developed by obtaining
  information by espionage from the United
  Statesbut this was their original design
• Eisenhower took away J. Robert Oppenheimers
  (lead developer of US atomic bomb) security
  clearances for fear that he had Soviet sympathies
• The Nuclear Arms Program was very high in
  priority to Stalin, which scared the US for fear
  that they would use it against us
• The continuation of scientific races between
  the Soviet Union and the US (ie. The Space Race)

Dr. Andrei Sakharov (left) with Dr. Igor
Kurchatov (right) the leading physicists of the
USSRs Hydrogen Bomb
Siegelbaum, Lewis. 1954 Hydrogen Bomb.
Seventeen Moments in Soviet History. 2014. Soviet
History. Long, Tony. Aug. 20, 1953 Soviets
Say, 'We've Got the H-Bomb, Too'. Wired. Aug. 20
2007.
5
US in Guatemala (1954)

• Overview and US Involvement
• The US first began the process of overthrowing
  the Guatemalan democratically elected president,
  Jacobo Guzman, in 1952 under Truman. The
  president of Nicaragua asked for such actions.
  This coup was revived under Eisenhower, who
  feared Guzman due to his communist sympathies.
  Opposition armies were trained by the CIA in
  neighboring Nicaragua, and by June 27th, 1954,
  Guzman fled to Mexico and the US backed Carlos
  Castillo Armas took control.
• Significance
• First US backed coup of the cold war era.
• Enforced Eisenhowers foreign policy of actively
  fighting communism over Trumans containment
  policy.
• Set a trend for US interference in Latin American
  governments, later seen in Chile.
• Major departure from FDRs Good Neighbor policy.

Armass Forces http//rvanbroekhoven.blogspot.com/
2011/02/why-we-do-what-we-do.html
"Guatemala 1954." Coldwar.org. The Cold War
Museum, n.d. Web. 19 Mar. 2014.
6

• Formation of Warsaw (1955)
• 8 communists states signed a mutual defense
  treaty and encouraged the cooperation between
  socialist states
• It was formed to counter Nato which posed a
  threat to the Soviet Union
• The Warsaw pact was created by the Soviet Unions
  initiative
• There was already a lot of cooperation between
  eastern socialist states the Warsaw pact was
  less about creating cooperation, but more about
  being a counter to Nato
• Significance
• Led to the first incidences of waged war during
  the Cold War (i.e. removing Hungarian government
  when they tried to leave the pact (1956) and
  invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968)
• NATO feared the Warsaw Pact would realize their
  weaponry was more dated than theirs

http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e
/NATO_vs_Warsaw_(1949-1990).png
Trueman, Chris. The Warsaw Pact. History
Learning Site. Curtis, Glenn E. "The Warsaw
Pact." Czechoslovakia A Country Study (1992) n.
pag. The Warsaw Pact. Web. 25 Mar. 2014.
7
Geneva Summit Conference (1955)

• Overview
• First and only peace meeting in Geneva,
  Switzerland between the leaders of the United
  States, Britain, France, and the Soviet Union in
  regards to the issues of the Cold War.The goal
  was to promote peaceful coexistence on a global
  scale. Some of the major topics that were
  discussed are East-West trade agreements,
  tariffs, the arms race, international security
  and disarmament policy. Eisenhower promoted his
  Open Skies plan, which called for an
  international aerial monitoring system which was
  intended to prevent nations from stockpiling
  dangerous weapons, and eventually lead to the
  disarmament of all weapons of mass
  destruction.The plan was never accepted, but it
  did lead to President Ronald Reagan's later
  policy of "trust, but verify" in relation to arms
  agreements with the Soviet Union.
• Significance
• first and only peace meeting between the Big
  Four in regards to the Cold War
• Revealed a common goal for increase global
  security.
• Mitigated some built up tensions and introduce
  nations to the benefits of global free trade

http//www.corbisimages.com/images/Corbis-42-16748
342.jpg?size67uid41591fd4-4af6-488d-9f82-f89448
e5aeeb
"H-Net Reviews." H-Net Reviews. N.p., n.d. Web.
20 Mar. 2014. lthttps//www.h-net.org/reviews/showr
ev.php?id4754gt.
8
US in Egypt Suez Canal Incident (1956)

• Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser announced
  the nationalization of the Suez Canal, much to
  the dismay of British-French enterprise that
  owned it. Tensions rose, and the US feared
  conflict between an ally of NATO and an important
  Middle Eastern power. British and French troops
  (and secret forces in Israel) kept hinting at
  force to remove Nasser, and did in October of
  1956. The US publicly condemned the attacks and
  approved a UN peacekeeping force to cease fire.
• Significance
• Creation of the Eisenhower Doctrine which allowed
  the government to aid countries in the Middle
  East
• GB and France were kind of bitter that the US
  shut them down because we had previously been
  very close allies
• Britain and Frances place as world powers
  weakened to some extent

http//adst.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/suez-tr
oop_move_map416.gif
The Suez Crisis, 1956. US Department of State
Office of the Historian. Suez Crisis. The
History Network. Cold War.
9
US response to Hungarian Uprising (1956)

• Overview and US Involvement
• In 1946, Hungary, one of the satellite states of
  the USSR, staged an armed revolt for
  independence. The US funded various radio
  stations that gave Hungarians the illusion that
  if they rose up against the USSR, the US/UN/NATO
  would, in time, send military assistance.
  Unfortunately for the Hungarians, such promises
  were false as the US wanted to avoid war at all
  costs. The revolution was crushed.
• Significance
• First major challenge to the Soviet Unions
  satellite state system.
• Influenced later revolts in countries such as
  Romania in the 80s
• Showed NATOs refusal to interfere with Warsaw
  Pact nations.

A toppled statue of Stalin in Hungary http//www.
historylearningsite.co.uk/hungarian_uprising_1956.
htm
"The Hungarian Uprising of 1956."
Historylearningsite.co.uk. History Learning Site,
n.d. Web. 19 Mar. 2014.
10
Sputnik launched in Outer Space (1957)

• The Soviet Union, since 1952 had worked on
  spacecraft, but Sputnik was the first ever
  successful artificial satellite in space, and it
  brought the first living being (Laika, a dog) to
  ever enter space. Sputnik was completely unknown
  until its launch, so Eisenhower declared there
  was a Sputnik crisis and spearheaded the
  foundation of NASA. A near mass hysteria broke
  out about if the Soviets would be the first
  technologically.
• Significance
• Marked the beginning of the space race
• US and Soviet Union competition for scientific
  advances and discoveries
• Gave Russians a head start

http//media-1.web.britannica.com/eb-media//86/104
286-050-EE20531B.jpg
"Sputnik." Sputnik. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Mar.
2014. Garber, Steve. "Sputnik." Sputnik. NASA
History, 10 Oct. 2007. Web. 25 Mar. 2014.
11
US in Lebanon (1958)

• At this point in time, Lebanon was governed by
  President Chamillle Chamoun. He was a strong ally
  of western powers but he was being challenged by
  muslim activists lead by the widely popular Gamal
  Abdel Nasser. Nasser was openly critical of
  Chamouns friendly relations with the west, and
  so the United States intervened at President
  Chamouns request. American troops landed in
  beirut in July of 1958, and were gone by October,
  the operation was codenamed Blue Bat.
• Significance
• clear continuation of American interventionism in
  this time period

http//www.usmilitariaforum.com/forums/index.php?/
topic/174262-1950s-german-camo-for-us-forces/
"Moments in U.S. Diplomatic History." Association
for Diplomatic Studies and Training. Association
for Diplomatic Studies and Training, n.d. Web. 23
Mar. 2014.
12
US Places an Embargo on Cuban Sugar Exports (1959)

• Fidel Castro took control of the Cuban government
  in 1959 and from that point on started making it
  more socialist and developing a relationship with
  the Soviet Union as US relations deteriorated.
  The next year, Eisenhower put embargos on Cuban
  sugar, oil, and guns. Castro responded by
  nationalizing oil refineries, to which Eisenhower
  reduced the Cuban sugar quota by 95
• Significance
• Led to Eisenhower breaking off ALL diplomatic
  relations with Cuba in 1961
• US and USSR fighting for allies
• US and Cuba still have strained relations today

http//vanowiki.wikispaces.com/file/view/Lift_Cuba
_embargo_by_Latuff2.jpg/89374367/400x265/Lift_Cuba
_embargo_by_Latuff2.jpg
Dulcinea Staff. On This Day Eisenhower Places
Embargo on Exports to Cuba. Finding Dulcinea.
Oct 19 2011.
13
VP Nixon Khrushchev meet in Soviet Union and
meet again in Camp David, US (1959)

• America and the Soviet Union had agreed to hold
  conferences and exhibits in each others country
  as a friendly diplomatic gesture. In the Soviet
  Union, Several impromptu conferences were held
  with interpreters in a house built especially for
  the occasion by Americans looking to flaunt the
  success of capitalism. Both men bickered over who
  had better technology, and not much else came of
  the meeting. At Camp David, no specific treaties
  or compromises were made but both sides came to
  the agreement that general disarmament should be
  pursued. It did not prove to be very effective in
  that it was basically just an opportunity for
  Eisenhower and Khrushchev to size each other up.
  They did, however, discuss the Berlin situation
  but did not meet a consensus. Although they
  didnt agree on a political level, they did
  interact on a personal level (which was new).
• Significance
• Camp David was the first occurrence of a (albeit
  little) halt in the Cold War
• Eisenhower believed that personal diplomacy might
  ease tensions

Gergen, David. "The Inner Demons That Drove
Nixon." CNN. Cable News Network, 01 Jan. 1970.
Web. 25 Mar. 2014.
"Eisenhower and Khrushchev Meet for Talks."
History.com. AE Television Networks, n.d. Web.
25 Mar. 2014. Tucker, Spencer C., PhD, and
Priscilla Mary Roberts, PhD. "Camp David Meeting
(2526 September 1959)." History and the
Headlines. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 25 Mar. 2014.
14
U-2 Incident (1960)

• Overview
• On May, 1st 1960 an American pilot, Francis Gary
  Powers, was shot down in a high altitude spy
  plane by Soviet Russia. The plane was suppose to
  take pictures of two major missile test sites in
  Soviet Union. The pilot was captured, and both
  sides used him for propaganda. The pilot was
  convicted for espionage, but was exchanged later
  for a Russian prisoner, Colonel Rudolph Ivanovich
  Abel, who was a spy for Russia.
• Significance
• The U-2 incident had convinced Khrushchev that he
  could no longer cooperate with Eisenhower
• Raised tensions and led to the failure of the
  Paris Summit meeting, which was suppose to
  discuss disarmament of nuclear weapons
• Eisenhower was pleased with the photographs,
  which showed U.S.S.Rs nuclear weapons as less
  advanced than U.S, proving that U.S still had the
  upperhand
• "U-2 Spy Plane Incident." U-2 Spy Plane Incident.
  N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2014. lthttp//www.u-s-hist
  ory.com/pages/h1872.htmlgt.
• "U-2 Spy Incident." History.com. AE Television
  Networks, n.d. Web. 19 Mar. 2014.
  lthttp//www.history.com/topics/cold-war/u2-spy-inc
  identgt.
• Picture http//www.aerospaceweb.org/question/hist
  ory/q0013.shtml
• http//timemarcheson.wordpress.com/2013/05/07/1960
  -the-u2-incident-almanac-of-absurdities-5-7-013/

15
JFK (1961 to 1963)

• Flexible Response Policy a defense strategy
  implemented to address the Kennedy
  administrations skepticism of Eisenhowers
  policies called for mutual deterrence at
  strategic, tactical, and conventional levels.
  Gave the US the capability to respond to
  aggression across the spectrum of warfare.
• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vGdewmAKkWqA
• "Key Issues Nuclear Weapons History Cold War
  Strategy Flexible Response." Key Issues Nuclear
  Weapons History Cold War Strategy Flexible
  Response. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Mar. 2014.

16
Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961)

• Overview
• April 17th, 1961 1400 Cuban exiles (known as
  Brigade 2506) launched an invasion at the Bay of
  Pigs on the south coast of Cuba.
• Armed with US weapons and backed by the US
  military
• Failed because Cuban planes strafed the invaders,
  sank two escort ships, and destroyed half of the
  exile's air support.
• Fidel Castro was aware of Kennedys intent to
  invade
• Significance
• Showed US fear of communist expansion
• Resulted in increased hostilities between the US
  and the Soviet Union
• Embarrassment for the Kennedy administration
• "The Bay of Pigs." - John F. Kennedy Presidential
  Library Museum. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Mar. 2014.

17
Berlin Wall is completed (1961)

• Overview
• On the night of August 12-13, 1961, East German
  soldiers laid down more than 30 miles of barbed
  wire barrier through Berlin.
• The Berlin wall, once completed,was topped with
  barbed wire and guarded with watchtowers, machine
  gun emplacements, and mines
• Extended 28 miles through Berlin and 75 miles
  around West Berlin, separating it from the rest
  of East Germany.
• Tensions resulting in the building of the Berlin
  Wall were due to the US, Great Britain, and
  France joining their occupational zones into one
  autonomous entity.
• Significance
• Symbolized the division of the world
• Many attempted to get over the wall or were
  separated from their families for years because
  of it
• "Berlin Wall Built." History.com. AE Television
  Networks, n.d. Web. 19 Mar. 2014.

18
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

• Overview
• American U-2 Plane spotted the Soviet Union
  building nuclear missile sites in Cuba with
  missiles placed in Cuba, the US would have less
  response time and preparation if a missile was in
  fact launched at the US
• Kennedy decided to place a naval blockade around
  Cuba and demanded SU to remove the nuclear
  missiles
• Kennedy and Khrushchev both decided to dismantle
  the weapon sites in exchange for US pledge to not
  invade Cuba
• US also promised to take their nuclear weapons
  outside of Turkey
• Significance
• Tensions lessened between US and Soviet Union
• Nearly led to a nuclear war
• US has not invaded Cuba since

"Cuban Missile Crisis." - John F. Kennedy
Presidential Library Museum. N.p., n.d. Web. 20
Mar. 2014.
http//www.johndclare.net/images/Armwrestling.gif
19
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Hotline Agreement (1963)

• Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
• John F. Kennedy supports banning nuclear testing,
  thinking that it will prevent other countries
  from obtaining nuclear weapons.
• The Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was passed
  in 1963. The Treaty required signers to avoid
  testing nuclear weapons in the atmosphere or over
  water, and stated that signers should work
  towards nuclear disarmament.
• Hotline Agreement
• The Cuban Missile Crisis occurs in 1962,
  Khrushchev and Kennedy realize how close the U.S.
  and the U.S.S.R. were to nuclear war
• The Memorandum of Understanding between the
  United States of America and the Union of Soviet
  Socialist Republics Regarding the Establishment
  of a Direct Communications Link was passed in
  1963. It stated that each country was responsible
  for establishing and maintaining communication
  links throughout their own country, so as to
  prevent misunderstandings that could cause
  nuclear wars.
• Overall Significance of the two events
• Helped ease tensions over nuclear arms and
  started a trend of disarmament from both sides of
  the Cold War. It made the U.S. more powerful. The
  hotline agreement also may have prevented nuclear
  war between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.
• The two events established a slight American
  dominance as the U.S. was the power with the
  upper hand during both negotiations.
• Nuclear Test Ban Treaty - John F. Kennedy
  Presidential Library Museum. N.p., n.d. Web. 21
  Mar. 2014.
• "Memorandum of Understanding Between The United
  States of America and The Union of Soviet
  Socialist Republics Regarding the Establishment
  of a Direct Communications Link." U.S. Department
  of State. U.S. Department of State, n.d. Web. 21
  Mar. 2014.

20
LBJ (1963 to 1969)

• Eisenhowers Domino Theory Implemented Stated
  that a communist victory in one country would
  lead to a communist takeover in a neighboring
  country. US used this to justify the support of
  South Vietnam having a non-communist government,
  which brought the US into the Vietnam War.

21
Tonkin Gulf Incident and start of Vietnam War
(1964)

• On August 2,1964, a United States ship, the USS
  Maddox was assaulted by ships from North Vietnam
  in the Gulf of Tonkin.

The United States responded by issuing the Gulf
of Tonkin Resolution. The Gulf of Tonkin
Resolution allowed the president the power to
intervene with military force in southeast asia
without a formal declaration of war. This
ultimately led to the start of the Vietnam war.
The Tonkin Gulf Incident ultimately led to the
Vietnam War which was a war to stop the spread of
communism in southeast asia. The Soviet Union
resented this because it wanted to promote
communism. http//avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_centu
ry/tonkin-g.asp http//www.history.navy.mil/faqs/f
aq120-1.htm
22
US forces in Dominican Republic (1965)

• Turmoil in the Dominican Republic
• Anti-Communist Dominican Dictator Robert Trujillo
  is assassinated in 1961
• Juan Bosch, a liberal, becomes the leader of the
  Dominican Republic, but is overthrown due to
  being despised by the Dominican Military
• The Country is thrown into political chaos after
  Bosch is overthrown
• Fidel Castro is suspected of being involved in
  the countrys affairs
• U.S. Response
• In order to prevent the spread of communism
  throughout Latin America, Lyndon B. Johnson sent
  over 22,000 U.S. troops to restore order in the
  Dominican Republic
• Overall Significance
• Didnt impact relations between the U.S. and the
  U.S.S.R. that much
• Paved the way for future American involvement in
  Latin American countries, like in Nicaragua and
  El Salvador
• May have caused resentment towards the U.S. from
  Latin American countries
• Source
• "U.S. Troops Land in the Dominican Republic."
  History.com. AE Television Networks, n.d. Web.
  20 Mar. 2014.

http//www.psywarrior.com/14JuneMovementDR.jpg
23
Outer Space Treaty (1967)

• Overview
• Treaty made by United States, United Kingdom, and
  Soviet Union
• Second of the non-armament treaties
• Banned the stationing of weapons of mass
  destruction in outer space, prohibited military
  activities on celestial bodies, and called for
  peaceful exploration and use of outer space
• Significance
• After passed, the US and Soviet Union worked
  together regarding planning and manning space
  enterprises

"Outer Space Treaty (1967)." Atomicarchive.com
Exploring the History, Science, and Consequences
of the Atomic Bomb. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2014.
http//legal.un.org/avl/images/ha/tos/04-l.jpg
24
Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty (1968)

• agreement between the United States and Soviet
  Union intending to slow nuclear arms race
• ban on nuclear technology first proposed at the
  UN in Ireland (1961)
• growing amount of nuclear weapons rose incentive
  to prevent a nuclear war
• France, Peoples Republic of China, and a number
  of non-nuclear states did not sign

• Provisions
• Signers with nuclear powers would not give
  technology to non-nuclear nations
• Non-nuclear nations would not try to construct or
  obtain nuclear weapons
• Abide safeguards from the International Atomic
  Energy Agency (IAEA)
• Reviewed every 5 years

"The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), 1968
- 19611968 - Milestones - Office of the
Historian." US Department of State. Office of the
Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, n.d. Web. 20
Mar. 2014.
25
Nixon (1969-1974) Ford (1974-1977)

• Nixon Doctrine
• The Nixon Doctrine, created in 1969, was
  introduced to help allies control and defend
  their countries. The Nixon Doctrine forced their
  allies to provide their own military military
  defense, but the United States would offer
  support if needed. The US was now acting as
  acting as a nuclear umbrella when requested.
  This doctrine was used when the Persian gulf
  requested military aid, and the US complied.
• Realpolitik
• Realpolitik is a political practice which focuses
  more on what is practical and needs to be done
  than on right or wrong views or previous
  doctrines. It does what is best for the country
  at hand. It is a basis for American future
  foreign policy. This was used in Nixons
  Administration when diplomatic relations were
  created with the Peoples Republic of China
  despite their communist ways and previously
  instituted doctrines.

picture from http//www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/
the-fix/wp/2013/01/10/the-fixs-10-most-awesome-ric
hard-nixon-photos/
"Realpolitik." Princeton University. N.p., n.d.
Web. 21 Mar. 2014. "The Nixon Doctrine Is
Announced." History.com. AE Television Networks,
n.d. Web. 21 Mar. 2014
26
Apollo Missions (1969)

• Overview US Involvement
• The apollo missions, consisting of 12 manned
  missions was created to have Americans be the
  first to land on lunar surface and return to
  earth safely. The first one that landed on the
  moon, apollo 11 left earth July 16, 1969 and
  landed on the moon July 20, 1969 when Neil
  Armstrong spoke his famous words Thats one
  small step for a man. One giant leap for
  mankind. Once landed, many lunar tests took
  place such as soil mechanics, meteoroids,
  seismic, heat flow, lunar ranging, magnetic
  fields and solar wind experiments to learn more
  about conditions in space. These missions were
  put into order after the creation of the National
  Aueronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and
  John F Kennedys challenege in 1961 to get a man
  on the moon by the end of the decade.
• Overall Historical Significance
• First event where Americans visited another world
• Established American technological preeminence in
  the world
• Beat the Soviet Union in the space race
• more knowledge of outer space
• Americas democratic technological ways outshone
  the totalitarianism ways of the USSR
• Brandon. "The Importance of Apollo 11." BMSeifert
  RSS. Wordpress, 20 May 2012. Web. 20 Mar. 2014.
• Dunbar, Brian. "What Was the Apollo Program?"
  NASA. NASA, n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2014.
• "The Apollo Program." Human Space Flight (HSF) -
  Apollo History. NASA, 7 Feb. 2009. Web. 20 Mar.
  2014.

pictures from http//www.spaceviz.com/documentari
es/theapolloyears/theapolloyears.html www.softpedi
a.com
27


Nixon visit to China (1972)- The week that
changed the world

• Historical Overview
• Nixon was the first U.S. president to visit the
  People's Republic of China since it was
  established in 1949. The topics of the talks were
  mainly centered around Taiwan and the
  normalization of diplomatic relations. With
  Nixons meeting, the two countries agreed to
  expand cultural contacts and made plans to
  establish a permanent US trade mission in China.
  There were 3 main objectives embrace People's
  Republic of China for peaceful settlement of
  Taiwan, peaceful settlement of the Vietnam War
  and deter Soviet Union's sphere of Communist
  influence after the Sino-Soviet Split.
• US Response
• The trip was planned to have extensive positive
  media influence on the US. Later interviews with
  correspondents who traveled with the President
  show how eager they were to be on the trip, which
  some labeled the most important summit meeting
  ever.
• Overall Historical Significance
• This ended a 25 year period of silence between
  the two foes. The Cold War experienced
  significant change as it saw a change in the PRC
  perspective allowing them to join us and rally
  against the Soviet Union. Today, we have a
  prevalent trade relationship with China which was
  established by our policy of open trade during
  this time

This was the week that changed the world, as
what we have said in that Communique is not
nearly as important as what we will do in the
years ahead to build a bridge across 16,000 miles
and 22 years of hostilities which have divided us
in the past. And what we have said today is that
we shall build that bridge." -President Nixon
Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 20
Mar. 2014.
28
Moscow Summit SALT I ABM Treaty (1972)

• Historical Overview
• The ABM Treaty was created as a result of the
  SALT. SALT created a temporary solution to the
  impending arms race and created the Interim
  Agreement which limited strategic offensive
  missiles. This made room for the ABM which was a
  more permanent and reasonable solution. Under its
  terms, the United States and the Soviet Union
  limited the development and deployment of
  ballistic missile defenses in order to calm the
  arms race and ease international tensions.
• US Response
• Positive/neutral! Americans were willing to do
  anything to refrain from further global
  confrontations.
• Overall Historical Significance
• ABM Treaty didnt do a perfect job at slowing the
  arms race but for nearly two decades of the Cold
  War, it held its own and no nuclear powers
  surfaced. Its greatest contribution is the fact
  that is successfully negotiated between two
  nations the positive effects of withholding
  nuclear power despite the fact that both nations
  were willing and able to utilize it to their
  advantage.
• "Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty." Answers. Answers
  Corporation, n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2014.

29
US involvement in the Yom Kippur War (1973)

• Overview and US Involvement
• The war fought by Arab states, mainly Egypt and
  Syria, against Israel, was quickly supported on
  each side by the US and SU (with the US
  supporting Israel). It became another battle
  between the two countries, leading to almost war
  between them. Nixon was credited with essentially
  saving Israel from total-destruction. Eventually
  an armistice was established by the United
  Nations.
• Significance
• Nixon is still highly regarded in Israel today
• Quickly fight off Soviet threat in Middle East
• Preserve United Nations declared region of
  Israel as a home for Jews
• Egypt eventually rejected Soviet influence
• "How Richard Nixon Saved Israel." The New Nixon.
  The Nixon Foundation, n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2014.
• War Photo http//www.jspace.com/news/articles/yom
  -kippur-war-39-years-later-video/11083

30
US involvement in Chile (1973)

• Overview and US Involvement
• Chile socialist President Salvador Allende was
  overthrown by the people the national police. The
  CIA helped the people with air raids and other
  attacks for the coup, and Allende suicided
  eventually.Once the new government was in power
  with the military in control, the US immediately
  recognized it.
• Significance
• Fight against socialism, victory for capitalism
• Provide for a better world
• Showed US would continue to help its Latin
  American neighbors
• Kornbluh, Peter. "Chile and the United States
  Declassified Documents Relating to the Military
  Coup, September 11, 1973." Chile and the United
  States Declassified Documents Relating to the
  Military Coup, September 11, 1973. National
  Security Archive, n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2014.
• Allende Picture http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa
  lvador_Allende

31
US funding for Angola (1974)

• Overview and US Involvement of the Angola Crisis
• The independence of Angola, a previous Portuguese
  colony, was in the hands of three military
  movements that had been fighting for the colonys
  independence since the 1960s. The three main
  movements were the Popular Movement for
  Liberation of Angola (MPLA), National Front of
  Liberation of Angola (FNLA), and, finally, the
  largest and most supported, The National Union
  for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA).
  The three had planned to work towards
  independence together, however, with the
  radically different political ideologies, civil
  war was bound to come. This is where the United
  States got involved.The civil war in Angola
  became a Cold War Battleground for the United
  States and the Soviet Union. Both nations were
  delivering military assistance to their favored
  unions ( of similar govt. policy). The US sent
  resources to the FNLA and the UNITA, not the MPLA
  because of its Marxist affiliation. Thus, the
  Soviet Union aided the MPLA. However, during the
  period of the Angola crisis, the two nations were
  in an era referred to as the detente in which the
  two had reached a series of agreements that aimed
  to reduce tensions. However in the eyes of the
  US, the Soviet Union interacting with the Third
  World countries was breaking these series of
  agreements. Thus, Angola increased tensions
  between the powerhouses. In the end, the US
  Congress did not support the war efforts in
  Angola or the relation with the South African
  Apartheid, thus the Soviet Union gained.
• Overall Historical Significance
• The Angola crisis led to increased tensions
  between the Soviet Union and the United States.
• The United States failure in Angola intensified
  the competition in the Third World.
• Contributed to the failure of the detente
• Ended period of temporary peace between the US
  and Cuba

Cuban and Angolan soldiers
"The Angola Crisis 197475 - 19691976 -
Milestones - Office of the Historian." The Angola
Crisis 197475 - 19691976 - Milestones - Office
of the Historian. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2014.
32
Mayaguez Incident (1975)

• Overview
• The Cambodian army (Khmer Rouge) captured the
  container ship S.S Mayaguez along with its 39
  crew members in international waters. When they
  werent released per Fords request, Ford decided
  to act quickly to rescue the crew, hoping to
  avoid a long drawn out incident. He sent 131
  Marines with the Air Force to rescue the crew,
  however the Cambodians put up a significant
  fight, killing a total of 14 Americans. After
  sending another 100 Marines to reinforce the
  first group, the crew was rescued unharmed, with
  the total casualties for America at 18 dead and
  50 wounded.
• U.S. Response
• The U.S. Marines and other fighting forces
  directed by Ford acted quickly and prevented the
  escalation of the incident into something much
  worse.
• Overall Significance
• This incident came just after the U.S. had
  withdrawn from Vietnam. The fight in Koh Tang was
  the last fight in Southeast Asia for the U.S.
  military forces.The Mayaguez incident was Fords
  first test to see how well he functioned as
  Commander in Chief.

• "Factsheets Final Combat The Mayaguez Incident
  at Koh Tang." Factsheets Final Combat The
  Mayaguez Incident at Koh Tang. N.p., n.d. Web. 20
  Mar. 2014.
• http//www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsh
  eet.asp?id14414
• "The Mayaguez Incident Testing America's Resolve
  in the Post-Vietnam Era." The Mayaguez Incident
  Testing Americas Resolve in the PostVietnam Era.
  N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2014.
• http//www.mayaguezincident.com/

33
Fall of Saigon (1975)

• Overview and US Involvement
• During 1973 and 1974, Nixon and the leaders of
  Northern Vietnam tried to negotiate peace.
  However, things did not work out. Forces
  continued to pound down on South Vietnam. Towards
  the end of the Vietnam war, as the forces from
  the North approached Saigon, it seemed apparent
  that the United States and South Vietnam stood no
  chance. In 1975, the United States pulled out of
  Saigon, the capital of Vietnam, causing the area
  to fall to North Vietnamese forces.
• US Response
• The United States was expecting the fall to occur
  eventually, so troops were pulled out at the last
  minute. This shows the lack of confidence had by
  US and SV troops.
• Overall Historical Significance
• The fall of Saigon represented the end of the
  Vietnam War for the United States, and it
  symbolized the transition of Vietnam into a
  Socialist Republic governed by communists. It
  also led to a decrease in support for US
  involvement in foreign affairs.

US troops are being evacuated from stations in
Saigon.
Coppola, Kaitlin. "The Cold War Museum." The Fall
of Saigon. Coldwarmuseum.com, n.d. Web. 20 Mar.
2014.
34
Jimmy Carter (1977-1981)

• Human Rights Policy
• When Jimmy Carter was elected to presidency, he
  implemented a new foreign policy. This policy
  focused on supporting human rights in foreign
  nations. Carter held that we, the United States,
  should stay true to our morals when dealing with
  foreign nations. Carter sought after giving
  foreign peoples the privileges (freedoms) which
  the US people were accustomed to. Jimmy Carter
  believed that the individual should be protected
  from the power of the state. The Carter
  administration held foreign nations in the
  incompetence in their people with human rights.
  The actions taken by the United States to push
  for human rights range from criticizing a
  nations practices to suspending
  economic/military aid.

"Carter's Foreign Policy - Short History -
Department History - Office of the Historian."
Office of the Historian . U.S. Department of
State, n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2014.
"Miller Center." American President Jimmy
Carter Foreign Affairs. University of Virginia ,
Web. 19 Mar. 2014.
35
Panama Canal Treaties (1978)

• Overview
• The panama canal treaties, also known as
  Torrijos-Carter treaties, repealed the
  Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty of 1903, giving Panama
  the control of Panama Canal after 1999.
• Prior to the treaty, there was a lot of tension
  between US and Panama over the control of the
  canal, but Panama was willing to reach an
  agreement with US.
• Significance
• The canal ownership was transferred in 1999 and
  the canals neutrality was guaranteed. Also the
  relationship between US and Panama got better,
  since they had tensions over the control of the
  canal before the treaty.

http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama "The Panama
Canal and the Torrijos-Carter Treaties -
19771980 - Milestones - Office of the
Historian." Https//history.state.gov/. Office of
the Historians, 31 Oct. 2013. Web. 24 Mar. 2014.
36
Camp David Accords (1978)

• Overview
• It was a series of agreements at Camp David which
  lasted 13 days while Jimmy Carter witnessed it.
• Fell apart in 1981 following Sadat's
  assassination
• Significance
• It brought peace between Israel and its neighbor
  Arab countries, especially with Egypt.

http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_David_Accords "
Camp David Accords." Wikipedia. Wikimedia
Foundation, 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 24 Mar. 2014.
37
US against apartheid in Africa (1978)

• Overview
• Beginning in 1948 the Nationalist party
  implemented intense segregation laws in South
  Africa. (Apartheid)
• The US was anti apartheid. Both US and GB stopped
  trade temporarily with South Africa.
• UN passed resolution 1761, which established the
  United Nations Special Committee against
  apartheid and called for imposing economic and
  other sanctions on South Africa.
• Significance
• This helped to end the apartheid. South Africa
  knew they couldnt survive as a completely
  independent nation.

http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid "Apartheid.
" Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 23 Mar. 2014.
Web. 23 Mar. 2014.
38
Soviet Union invades Afghanistan (1979)

• Historical Overview
• Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan in late
  December of 1979. The Soviets invaded Afghanistan
  to support Afghanistans communist party. The
  USSR wanted to extend its power through
  converting/keeping other nations communist. The
  marxist government in Afghanistan held close ties
  with the Soviets, so when rebellion arose the
  USSR sent in troops to attain influence in the
  region.
• U.S. Response
• The United States continued to supply the
  rebellion with munitions.
• Overall Historical Significance
• This is significant because the United States
  supported the rebellion, so this was a case of
  the Soviets and Americans fighting through
  Afghanistan. The United states supplied the
  rebellion with supplies to fight the Soviets
  with. The Afghan War ended in a stalemate.

The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Soviet
invasion of Afghanistan (1979)." Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d.
Web. 20 Mar. 2014.
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FileSovietInvasionAf
ghanistanMap.png
39
US boycotts Moscow Olympics (1980)

• In December 1979, the Soviet Union intervened in
  Afghanistan, a struggling country with a
  pro-Soviet government, while the US was in the
  midst of arms negotiations with the USSR. The US
  was furious and threatened to boycott the Moscow
  Olympics if the Soviet troops were not removed.
  The USSR refused to leave Afghanistan, so the
  boycott occurred. The boycott had no impact on
  Soviet policy, and the USSR remained in
  Afghanistan for nearly ten years. Tensions
  increased between the US and the USSR, as the
  boycott was a public insult to the Soviets. The
  boycott was disliked by Olympians, and wasnt
  seen as a great decision by Carter.

"Carter Tells U.S. Athletes of Olympic Boycott."
History.com. AE Television Networks, n.d. Web.
17 Mar. 2014. "The Failed Carter Boycott of the
1980 Moscow Summer Olympics." Breitbart News
Network. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Mar.
2014. Http//www.currybet.net/cbet_blog/2008/08/a-
brief-history-of-olympic-dis-8.php. Web.
40
Iranian Hostage Crisis (1980)

• On November 4th, 1979, the U.S Embassy in Tehran
  was invaded by Iranian students who were islamic
  revolutionaries. More than 60 Americans were in
  the building, and subsequently taken hostage. The
  invasion took place because the United States had
  allowed the Shah of Iran to take asylum in
  America, and much of Iran wanted him to be
  returned so he could be tried for his crimes and
  forced to repay the billions of dollars they
  claimed he stole. The United States responded by
  putting economic sanctions on Iran, while
  negotiating diplomatically. When nothing
  happened, President Carter put together a rescue
  mission, called Desert One, which failed. The
  hostages were eventually released when Khomeinis
  government (the man who had taken over after the
  departure of the Shah) decided that the hostage
  situation was no longer beneficial to Iran. The
  official release occurred just after Carter left
  the White House. The crisis made the American
  public view Carter as weak and ineffective, and
  lessened the international fear of the United
  States as a world power.
• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vA8bC1DEYbI4
• "American Experience The Iranian Hostage
  Crisis." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2014.

41
Ronald Reagan (1981-1989) George Bush
(1989-1993)

• Evil Empire Speech Ronald Reagans speech is
  known as being an attack towards the Soviet
  Union. Reagan ultimately degraded the Soviet
  Unions government. Reagan wanted to match the
  Soviet Union's strategic military capabilities.
• Reagan Doctrine The foreign policy in the Reagan
  Doctrine was implemented by the Reagan
  administration to oppose the global influence of
  the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

"Reagan Doctrine." Princeton University. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2014.
42
Strategic Defense Initiative discussed publicly
(1983)

• This was anti-ballistic missile program to
  prevent other countries (especially the SU) from
  attacking the US with missiles. This was the USs
  response to possible nuclear attacks. Weapons
  used were lasers, subatomic particle beams, and
  electromagnetic rail guns.
• Significance
• This program was dropped because legislators and
  congressmen thought it would raise tensions
  between the SU and the US.
• Although the system was thought to be
  impenetrable, political pressure caused the
  program to be a failure from the beginning.

"The Cold War Museum." Cold War Museum. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2014.
43
Soviet Union shoots down a Korean commercial
airliner over Soviet airspace (1983)

• Korean airlines were going from New York City to
  Seoul. As it was flying into Russian airspace,
  the plane crossed over the Kamchatka Peninsula.
  The Soviet Union had sent 2 fighters to intercept
  the plane, and the plane was instantly shot down.
  All 269 passengers were killed on the plane.
• As a result of the takedown, there was
• an increase in Anti-Soviet sentiments especially
  in the U.S.
• a change in U.S. tracking systems for planes
  leaving Alaska

"Korean Airlines Flight Shot down by Soviet
Union." History.com. AE Television Networks,
n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2014. "Korean Air Lines Flight
007." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web.
20 Mar. 2014.
44
Soviet Union boycotts Olympics in LA (1984)

• The Soviet Union boycott of the 1984 Olympics was
  cause by a culmination of two things. First,
  America did not attend the 1980s Olympics in
  Moscow due to the Soviets presence in
  Afghanistan so the Soviet Unions boycott was
  merely retaliation. Another factor in the boycott
  was that Soviets believed that there was
  anti-soviet hysteria going on in America.
• Significance
• 14 other countries followed the Soviet Union and
  boycotted as well

"1984 Summer Olympics Boycott." Wikipedia.
Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Mar. 2014. Web. 20 Mar.
2014. History Channel, Soviets announce boycott
of 1984 Olympics- History.com This Day in
History. Accessed April 7, 2013.
45
CIA provides arms to Contras in Nicaragua gets
involved in El Salvador (1980s)

• President Reagan had accused Sandinistas of
  making Nicaragua a base for the Soviet Union but
  also with sending weapons to El Salvador.
• The president sent over an advisor that supported
  the pro-American government of El Salvador.
• Significance
• The CIA provided Contras with money and materials
  to overrun the Sandinistas.

"Understanding the Iran-Contra Affairs - The
Iran-Contra Affairs." Understanding the
Iran-Contra Affairs - The Iran-Contra Affairs.
N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2014.
46
Reagan gives Evil Empire speech (1983)

• In Ronald Reagans Evil Empire speech, he talks
  about the evils in the world, and saying that the
  Soviet Union was the evil empire. The Soviet
  Union was being publicly announced as an enemy.
  This speech definitely did not help the relations
  between the United States and the Soviet Union.
  He said the collapse of communism was assured. He
  assured the people that democracy was the only
  way to keep alive this best hope of man.
• Significance
• Regan would not allow people in the United States
  to support communism because it was evil.
  Democracy was seen as the best system of
  government.

"Regan, "Evil Empire," Speech Text." Voices of
Democracy. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2014. "Evil
Empire." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Mar.
2014. Web. 20 Mar. 2014.
47
US in Grenada (1984)

• Along with Cuba, Nicaragua and Jamaica, Grenada
  was seen as a communist government. Reagan was
  concerned about a 10,000 ft. runway being
  constructed by the Cubans, which he feared would
  be used as a base for Russian bombers, so he
  declared an invasion on Grenada. Furthermore,
  there were approximately 200 American medical
  students on the island and the Reagan wanted to
  avoid a hostage situation. The invasion was
  completely unorganized and the overall success of
  the invasion was entirely due to Grenadas lack
  of army, not American prestige.
• Significance
• The U.S. was able to prevail while the communists
  were severely hurt
• The United Nations believed that the U.S. was
  trying to enforce imperialistic ideas which was
  what the Russians were doing

"Invasion of Grenada." Wikipedia. Wikimedia
Foundation, 18 Mar. 2014. Web. 20 Mar.
2014. "United States Invades Grenada."
History.com. AE Television Networks, n.d. Web.
20 Mar. 2014.
48
Mikhail Gorbachev becomes leader of Soviet Union
(1985)

• He was the last leader of the SU. He was also one
  of their youngest leaders, at 54 years. His main
  efforts were to use glasnost and perestroika to
  revitalise the country. He wanted the country to
  become a more modern social democracy. Gorbachev
  was the first leader to be born after the
  Revolution.
• Significance
• He tried to reform the old party by introducing
  glasnost (openness), perestroika (restructuring),
  demokratizatsia (democratization), and uskoreniye
  (acceleration of economic growth).

"More Information About Mikhail Gorbachev." BBC
News. BBC, n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2014.
49
Soviet Union initiates glasnost and perestroika
(1985)

• In Russian perestroika means restructuring, and
  glasnost means openness. Glasnost allowed writers
  and journalists to push beyond the limits that
  Gorbachev and his deputies had approved, freedoms
  were expanded. This undermined public confidence
  in the ability of the countries leaders to give
  the SU prosperity. Perestroika was the first
  attempt to democratize the SU. In some
  elections, the secret ballot was being used.
  There was also the limited introduction of
  free-market mechanisms.
• Significance
• Much of the government resisted perestroika
  reforms due to wanting to maintain control.
• The government attempted to make the country have
  a system similar to democracy.

The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Mikhail
Gorbachev." Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
Encyclopedia Britannica, Jan.-Feb. 2014. Web. 20
Mar. 2014.
50
Intermediate-Range Forces Treaty (1987)

• Required the U.S. and the Soviet Union to give up
  all of their powerful and nuclear weapons.
  Allowed for 20 short-notice inspections per year,
  as well as inspection and inventory of missiles
  30-90 days after initiation of the treaty. As a
  result many powerful missiles were destroyed.
• Significance
• Marked the first time that large world powers
  agreed to limit weapons and open themselves up to
  inspections on the matter

"The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF)
Treaty at a Glance." Arms Control Association.
ACA, Feb. 2008. Web. 20 Mar. 2014. "The Moscow
Summit 20 Years Later." The Moscow Summit 20
Years Later. The National Security Archive, n.d.
Web. 20 Mar. 2014.
51
Gorbachev announces USSRs policy of
nonintervention in Eastern and Central America
(1989)

• Gorbachev wanted to improve relations with the
  US. He wanted nuclear non-proliferation with
  America. Also in Gorbachevs speech he stated
  that he would not resort to previous Soviet
  Policy by interfering with satellite states/
  Warsaw pact territories in eastern Europe, and
  with this it allowed the satellite states to
  reform their government as well as hold
  multiparty elections if they wanted to.
• Significance
• The result of Gorbachevs new policy was the end
  of communism in Eastern Europe and eventually by
  1992 the Soviet Union collapsed.

"Perestroika The Word That Changed the World."
RT. N.p., 27 Jan. 2012. Web. 20 Mar. 2014.
52
Formation of NAFTA

• The North American Free Trade Agreement aka NAFTA
  was eliminated the majority of tariffs on
  products traded among the United States, Mexico
  and Canada, due to these tariffs being removed it
  encouraged trade amongst the three countries.
• The overall significance of NAFTA would be that
  the economy of America has grown 54 since the
  adoption of NAFTA and 25 million new jobs were
  created as well therefore NAFTA is seen as a
  positive aspect of foreign policy.

"North American Free Trade Agreement." Wikipedia.
Wikimedia Foundation, 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 23 Mar.
2014.
53
Fall of Berlin Wall Reunification of Germany
(1989-1990)

• Historical Overview
• The Berlin Wall was a wall which surrounded
  Western Berlin from Eastern Germany. Germany was
  broken up into four parts at the close of World
  War II. Eastern Germany was controlled by the
  USSR while Western Germany was controlled by
  Great Britain, France, and the United States.
  Because Berlin was the nations capital, it was
  also broken up into four sectors. The areas
  controlled by France, Great Britain, and the
  United States would united into Western Berlin.
  The USSR created this wall to stop democratic
  influences from leaking into Eastern Germany. The
  wall would eventually fall on November 9, 1989.
  This would help to lead to the reunification in
  1990. Germany was reunified when the Federal
  Republic of Germany (West Germany) united with
  The German Democratic Republic (East
  Germany).Treaty on the Final Settlement with
  Respect to Germany was signed in Moscow on
  September 12, 1990. Under this treaty, the allied
  troops stationed in Germany left in 1994.
• US Response
• The United States helped to reunite Germany
  following the fall of the Berlin Wall
• Historical Significance
• This event helped to ease the Cold War tensions
  because the question of what to do with Germany
  was ended between the Four Powers. This decreases
  the amount of disagreement between the US and the
  Soviets.

"Berlin Wall." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation,
n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2014.
54
Operation Desert Storm (1991)

• Historical Overview
• Also called the Gulf War, Operation Desert Storm
  was a war waged by thirty-four countries (led by
  the United States) opposed to Iraqs invasion of
  Kuwait during the Persian Gulf War. This was the
  first incident where the United States was
  actually involved in the Middle East.
• US Response
• The United States sent in troops to Kuwait to
  push out Iraq. The U.S. spent a total of sixty
  billion dollars in this operation
• Overall Historical Significance
• This operation is historically significant
  because the US lead the largest group of
  countries since WWII against a threat. This
  operation would also lead to a war in Iraq in the
  next decade.

"Desert Storm." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation,
n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2014
55
Gorbachev resigns (1991)

• After Gorbachev resigned in 1991, there were
  immediate changes, for example, the Cold War
  ended and the USSR separated. In Gorbachevs
  farewell speech, he talks about why he resigned,
  and his main motive to resignation was the
  development and creation of the CIS. Even before
  the development of the CIS, Gorbachev had lost
  his power in the Soviet Union and the economy had
  become unstable.

"Gorbachev Resigns as President of the USSR."
History.com. AE Television Networks, n.d. Web.
24 Mar. 2014.
56
USSR dissolved into 15 separate nations by end of
the year (1993)

• Historical Overview
• In December of 1991, the USSR began to dissolve
  into fifteen separate nations. During this month,
  representative from eleven of the Soviet unions
  provinces met to discuss the breaking up of the
  USSR. The fifteen nations created the
  Commonwealth of Independent States to replace the
  USSR. One of the main causes of this dissolution
  is the radical reform which was created during
  Gorbachevs presidency. The fall of the USSR
  represented the fall of communism's greatest
  empire.
• U.S. Response
• This was seen as a victory for the United States
  and democracy in general. The United States was
  ecstatic about the fall of the USSR because it
  signified the end of the Cold War as the US was
  now the worlds only superpower.
• Overall Historical Overview
• This haltered the spread of communism and helped
  the spread of democracy. The dissolving of the
  USSR changed the status of the world and its
  nations disputes.

"Fall of the Soviet Union." History.com. AE
Television Networks, n.d. Web. 18 Mar. 2014.
"The Cold War Museum." Cold War Museum. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 19 Mar. 2014.
57
The End?
58
Not Yet

• ,but this one is!