The Civil War (1861-1865)

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• The Civil War (1861-1865)
• Chapter 2

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I. Background Info.

• Civil War war between the northern states
  (Union) and the southern states (Confederacy)
• Northern States United States, Union, Yankees,
  Blue
• Southern States Confederate States of America,
  Confederacy, Rebels, Secess, Gray

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I. Background Info.

• 1850s North and South moving in opposite
  directions Why?
• Contrasting Economies North relied on industry
  (urban) South relied on agriculture (rural
  slave labor)

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I. Background Info.

• Slavery and Western Expansion divided the
  nation northerners did not want slavery in the
  West, southerners did
• Remember Missouri Compromise and Compromise of
  1850

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II. Early Stages of the War

• First Battle of Bull Run
• -July 1861
• -Bull Run is a stream north of Manassas, VA
• -1st major battle of the war
• -Gen. Irwin McDowell led the poorly trained Union
  troops towards Richmond, VA
• -took McDowell 4 days to march 28 miles

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II. Early Stages of the War

• -gave Conf. time to call in more troops
• -Union began to push Conf. lines back
• -some Conf. soldiers, led by Gen. Thomas
  Stonewall Jackson refused to give up
• -Union advance was stopped and forced to retreat
  back to Wash. D.C.

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II. Early Stages of the War

• -Conf. won the battle
• -casualties (killed, wounded, missing)
• Union 2,900
• Conf. 1,900
• -after the battle, Lincoln replaced McDowell with
  Gen. George McClellan
• -the battle convinced both sides the war would
  not end quickly

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II. Early Stages of the War

• Union Advantages
• Greater Population 21.5 million to 9 million
• Controlled most of the railroads move troops
  and supplies
• More factories produced more/better war
  supplies
• More money
• Better political leadership esp. Lincoln

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II. Early Stages of the War

• Confederate Advantages
• Did not have to win the war, only had to keep
  from being beaten
• Defending their own land most of the war fought
  in the South
• Fighting for a cause to protect way of life
• Better military leadership esp. Lee

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II. Early Stages of the War

• Union War Strategies
• Blockade southern coast to cut off trade with
  Europe
• Take control of Miss. River to split Conf. into
  two sections
• Capture Richmond (capital of Conf.)

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II. Early Stages of the War

• Conf. War Strategies
• Withhold cotton from the world wanted to force
  England and France to help them backfired
• Hoped northerners would get tired of fighting and
  give up

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II. Early Stages of the War

• Tactics and Technology
• -both sides fought by the book problem every
  book on battle tactics in 1860 were out of date
  but no one knew it
• -early war manuals were written for the
  smooth-bore musket used a round ball very
  inaccurate and took too long to load

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II. Early Stages of the War

• -basic battlefield alignment (draw diagram)
• -offense always had the better position
• -new weapon introduced during the war rifle
  musket- fired a bullet shaped mini-ball out of a
  spiraled gun barrel more accurate (up to 400
  yards) and quicker to load
• -made the cavalry less important
• -rifle musket allowed the defense to now have the
  better position

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II. Early Stages of the War

• Artillery the Napoleon Gun fired a 12lb
  smooth-bore ball fired 3 types of projectiles
• Explosive shells
• Solid shot/ball (rolling)
• Case shot 2 types
• a. Grape shot (golf-ball sized)
• b. Canister shot (metal, nails, sawdust, etc.

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II. Early Stages of the War

• The Civil War was fought on 2 fronts
• Eastern Front east of Appalachian Mts.
• Western Front west of Appalachian Mts.
• 22 major battles in the war (at least 600,000
  casualties)
• Many battles had 2 names
• -North used physical features (rivers,
  mountains, etc.)
• -South used closest town

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II. Early Stages of the War

• War in the West
• -where the Civil War was won and lost fought
  for control of the Miss. River
• -Union Gen. Ulysses S. Grant took control of Fort
  Henry and Fort Donelson in TN in Feb. 1862

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II. Early Stages of the War

• Battle of Shiloh
• -April 1862
• -TN / Miss. border
• -largest battle in the West
• -Conf. led by Gen. Albert Sidney Johnson
  stationed at Corinth, MS Grant at Pittsburg
  Landing, TN
• -Conf. launched a surprise attack on April 6
  Grant away from camp

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II. Early Stages of the War

• -Conf. decided to wait until the next day to
  finish off Union
• -Grant attacked the next morning and retook the
  positions he had lost
• -Union victory (held the ground at the end of the
  battle)
• -casualties
• Union- 13,000
• Conf.-11,000

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II. Early Stages of the War

• Naval War in 1862
• -the South made one major attempt to break the
  Union blockade rebuilt the U.S.S. Merrimac and
  renamed it the C.S.S. Virginia
• -ironclad wooden ship covered with iron plate
  armor

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II. Early Stages of the War

• -March 9, 1862 Virginia sunk 2 ships in
  Chesapeake Bay worse day in the history of U.S.
  Navy until 1941
• -Virginia came back the next morning and saw the
  U.S.S. Monitor, the Unions ironclad
• -March 10, 1862 1st battle between ironclads
• -problem with the Virginia had to maneuver

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II. Early Stages of the War

• -Virginia was damaged the worst hit 98xs
• -battle was a draw never met again
• -changed the future of naval warfare wooden
  ships became obsolete
• April 1862 major Union victory at New Orleans
  by Adm. David Farragut helped take control of
  Miss. River

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II. Early Stages of the War

• Peninsular Campaign
• -March-June 1862
• -peninsula SE of Richmond
• -Unions 2nd attempt to take Richmond
• -Union led by McClellan great organizer of
  troops but very cautious
• -Union won minor battle at Yorktown
• -McClellan waited a month before moving on to
  Richmond

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II. Early Stages of the War

• -gave Conf. time to retreat to Richmond
• -Gen. Robert E. Lee took command of Conf. troops
• -Conf. victory
• -Richmond saved again
• -beginning of Lees rise to fame
• -McClellan lost command

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II. Early Stages of the War

• Second Battle of Bull Run
• -Aug. 1862
• -McClellans troops placed under command of John
  Pope
• -Lee divided his army by sending Jackson to
  attack behind Popes army
• -Pope turned to attack Jackson and Lee attacked
  from the other side
• -Conf. victory Richmond saved again

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II. Early Stages of the War

• Battle of Antietam
• -Sept. 1862
• -in Maryland
• -Lee wanted a victory on northern soil to
  hopefully get support from Europe
• -early Sept. Lee slipped into Maryland
• -McClellan had no idea where Lee was until

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II. Early Stages of the War

• a Union soldier found Lees battle plans rolled
  up into 3 cigars
• -McClellan waited 16 hrs. before attacking Lee
  (STUPID!)
• -gave Lee time to plan a defense
• -armies met near Antietam Creek bloodiest
  single day of war (the creek ran red)
• -Union victory
• -casualties Union-12,000
• Conf.- 14,000

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III. The Tide of the War Turns

• After Antietam, McClellan replaced by Gen.
  Ambrose Burnside
• Battle of Fredericksburg
• -Dec. 1862 - in VA
• -Burnside marched with 122,000 towards Richmond
• -Lee stationed at Fredericksburg great
  defensive position

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III. The Tide of the War Turns

• -Burnside attacked major mistake
• -Conf. victory
• -casualties Union- 13,000
• Conf.- 5,000
• -Burnside resigned and was replaced by Gen.
  Joseph Hooker

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III. The Tide of the War Turns

• Battle of Chancellorsville
• -May 1863 in VA
• -Hooker moved around Fred. and attacked from
  behind
• -Lee sent Jackson behind Hooker and he attacked
• -Hooker forced to retreat
• -Conf. victory
• -Stonewall Jackson killed (major loss for South)

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III. The Tide of the War Turns

• -some northerners called for peace
• -Hooker resigned and was replaced by Gen. George
  Meade
• -Lee moved into PA to look for supplies

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III. The Tide of the War Turns

• Battle of Gettysburg
• -July 1-3, 1863 in PA
• -turning point in the war
• -largest battle ever fought in N.A. Union had
  88,000 - Conf. had 75,000
• -July 1 Conf. soldiers looking for shoes met
  Union soldiers in Gettysburg both sides took
  positions outside of town

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III. The Tide of the War Turns

• -July 2 day of movement and positioning Lee
  ordered Gen. James Longstreet to attack the
  southern Union line
• -Conf. tried to take Little Round Top hill
  (great position for artillery) but failed
• -July 3 Lee decided to attack the Union center
  Longstreet opposed after 2 hrs. of artillery
  fire the South attacked

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III. The Tide of the War Turns

• -Conf. Gen. George Pickett organized 15,000
  troops to march across the one mile long wide
  open field towards Cemetery Ridge (Picketts
  Charge) - complete disaster for Conf. only ½
  returned
• -Union victory
• -Casualties Union 23,000
• Conf. 28,000
• -bloodiest battle of the war Lee blamed himself
  and retreated back to VA lost 1/3 of his army

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III. The Tide of the War Turns

• Gettysburg Address (Nov. 19, 1863) 15,000 met
  at the cemetery to honor the Union dead Edward
  Everette gave a 2 hr. speech Lincoln then gave
  a 2 min. speech

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III. The Tide of the War Turns

• Siege at Vicksburg
• -May-June 1863 in Miss.
• -Grant began the siege in late May siege
  (tactic where the enemy is surrounded and starved
  in order to make them surrender)
• -Union victory
• -30,000 Conf. forced to surrender
• -Union finally gains control of the Miss. River
  and Grant was moved to the east to fight Lee

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IV. A New Birth of Freedom

• March 1864 Grant given command of Union troops
  in Wash. Gen. William Sherman replaced Grant in
  the west
• After Gettysburg and Vicksburg, Lee knew the
  South was in trouble
• Grant decided to move towards Richmond in early
  May 1864 with 120,000 men Lee had only 65,000
  Grant forced Lee to protect Richmond and 3
  battles occurred

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IV. A New Birth of Freedom

• 1) Battle of the Wilderness (May 5-6, 1864)
  armies met near Chancellorsville in dense forest
  the forest caught on fire during the fighting
  Grant took heavy losses battle was a draw (but
  favored the Union)

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IV. A New Birth of Freedom

• 2) Battle of Spotsylvania (May 8-19, 1864)
  Conf. attacked two week battle heavy Union
  casualties again Grant kept moving towards
  Richmond

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IV. A New Birth of Freedom

• 3) Battle of Cold Harbor (June 3, 1864) only 8
  miles from Richmond heavy Union casualties
  (7,000 in one hr.) Conf. victory

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IV. A New Birth of Freedom

• Unable to take Richmond, Grant moved around the
  city and attacked Petersburg, a railroad center
  south of Richmond wanted to cut off shipments
  of food to Richmond the attack failed
• Siege at Petersburg (June 18, 1864 Apr. 2,
  1865) cut off supplies to the city and pounded
  it with artillery trying to starve them out

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IV. A New Birth of Freedom

• Lee built up defenses around Richmond and waited
  for the northern election in Nov. 1864 wanted
  Lincoln to lose and the North to give up he
  knew it was their last chance
• Shermans March to the Sea
• -moved southward from Chattanooga, TN towards
  Atlanta, GA captured Atlanta on Sept. 2, 1864
• -Nov. 1864 burned Atlanta and marched towards
  Savannah, GA (on the coast) destroyed
  everything on their way

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IV. A New Birth of Freedom

• Election of 1864
• -Lincoln thought he would lose so, he chose a
  democrat, Andrew Johnson, as the V.P. candidate
• -the democrats nominated McClellan
• -Shermans capture of Atlanta led to Lincolns
  re-election
• 13th Amendment (Feb. 1865) abolished slavery

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IV. A New Birth of Freedom

• The End of the War
• -Sherman began to move northward through SC and
  NC burning everything
• -Lee arrived at the small VA town of Appomattox
  Court House on Apr. 9, 1865 met with Grant and
  surrendered because the Conf. were down to 35,000
  starving men
• -Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on
  Apr. 14, 1865 at Fords Theater in Wash.

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RECONSTRUCTION
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V. Reconstruction

• the South was the main battleground of the Civil
  War and its largest casualty hardly a farm or
  family remained undamaged by the end of the war
• the federal governments controversial effort to
  repair the damage to the South and to restore
  southern states to the Union is known as
  Reconstruction (carried out from 1865-1877 and
  involved 4 Presidents)

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V. Reconstruction

• Wars Aftermath
• -Physical Toll destroyed 2/3rds of southern
  shipping and 9,000 miles of railroads also
  devoured farmland, farm buildings, and farm
  machinery work animals and 1/3 of all livestock
  bridges, canals, and levees and thousands of
  miles of roads factories, ports, cities burned
  the value of southern property dropped 70

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V. Reconstruction

• -Human Toll destroyed a generation of young
  men, fathers, brothers, and husbands North lost
  364,000 soldiers the South lost 290,000
  soldiers, 1/5 of its adult white men one out of
  every three southern men were killed or wounded
  the Norths decision to destroy southern homes
  and property resulted in countless civilian lives
  children were made orphans and brides became
  widows

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V. Reconstruction

• -Southerners Hardships the postwar South was
  made up of three major groups of people each
  group faced its own hardships and fears
• 1) Black Southerners some 4 million freed
  people were starting their new lives in a poor
  region with slow economic activity as slaves,
  they had received food and shelter now found
  themselves homeless, jobless, and hungry

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V. Reconstruction

• 2) Plantation Owners planters lost slave labor
  worth about 3 billion the federal government
  seized 100 million in southern plantations and
  cotton with worthless Confederate money, some
  farmers couldnt afford to hire workers and
  others had to sell their property to cover debts

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V. Reconstruction

• 3) Poor White Southerners many white laborers
  could not find work any more because of the new
  job competition from freedmen poor white
  families began migrating to frontier lands such
  as Mississippi and Texas to find new opportunities

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V. Reconstruction

• Three Reconstruction Plans
• most southerners accepted the wars outcome and
  focused on rebuilding their lives however, the
  fall of the Confederacy and the end of slavery
  raised some tough questions

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V. Reconstruction

• 1) How and when should southern states be
  allowed to resume their role in the Union?
• 2) Should the South be punished for its actions,
  or be forgiven and allowed to recover quickly?
• 3) Now that black southerners were free, would
  the races have equal rights?
• 4) If so, how might those rights be protected?
• 5) What branch of government would be
  responsible for Reconstruction? (executive,
  judicial, or legislative)

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V. Reconstruction

• the Constitution didnt answer these questions
• Lincolns Plan
• Lincolns plan did not require the new
  constitutions to give voting rights to African
  Americans nor did it readmit southern states
  to the Union, since in Lincolns view, their
  secession had not been constitutional

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V. Reconstruction

• Much of Lincolns opposition came from a group of
  congressmen from his own party the group, known
  as Radical Republicans, believed that the Civil
  War had been fought over the moral issue of
  slavery
• the Radicals viewed Lincolns plan as too lenient
  (easy) on the South they presented their own
  plan which Lincoln then vetoed

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V. Reconstruction

• Before a compromise could be reached between
  Lincoln and the Radicals, he was assassinated
  Now what?

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V. Reconstruction

• Johnsons Plan
• when Johnson took office in April 1865, Congress
  was in recess until December during those 8
  months, Johnson pursued his own plan for the
  South his plan, known as Presidential
  Reconstruction, was even more generous to the
  South

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V. Reconstruction

• Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction
• defeat in the war had not changed the fact that
  white people still dominated southern society
• one by one, southern states met Johnsons
  Reconstruction demands and were restored to the
  Union the first order of business in these new,
  white-run governments was to enact black codes,
  or laws that restricted freedmens rights the
  black codes established virtual (near) slavery
  with provisions such as these

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V. Reconstruction

• -curfews generally, African-Americans could not
  gather after sunset
• -vagrancy laws freedmen convicted of vagrancy
  (not working) could be fined, whipped, or sold
  for a years labor
• -labor contracts freedmen had to sign
  agreements in January for a year of work (those
  that quit in the middle of the year lost all the
  wages they had earned)

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V. Reconstruction

• -limits on womens rights mothers who wanted to
  stay home and care for their families were forced
  instead to do farm labor
• -land restrictions freed people could rent land
  or homes only in rural areas forced them to
  live on plantations

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STOP
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V. Reconstruction

• in early 1866 Congress passed a Civil Rights Act
  that outlawed the black codes Johnson vetoed it
  Congress overrode the veto
• 14th Amendment guaranteed all citizens equal
  protection of the laws ultimately granted
  African Americans citizenship rights

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V. Reconstruction

• Radicals in Congress passed the Reconstruction
  Act of 1867 these are the key provisions This
  is the plan actually used during Reconstruction
  for every southern state except TN (readmitted
  under Johnsons plan)

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V. Reconstruction

• It put the South under military rule, dividing it
  into 5 districts, each governed by a northern
  general
• 2) It ordered southern states to hold new
  elections for delegates to create a new state
  constitution
• 3) It required states to allow all qualified
  male voters, including African Americans, to vote
  in elections

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V. Reconstruction

• It temporarily barred southerners who had
  supported the Confederacy from voting
• It required southern states to guarantee equal
  rights to all citizens
• It required the states to ratify the 14th
  Amendment

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V. Reconstruction

• on Feb. 24, 1868 House members voted to impeach
  Johnson (to accuse him with wrongdoing in office)
  Johnson became the first President to be
  impeached
• If 2/3 of the Senate were to vote for conviction,
  Johnson would become the first and only President
  ever removed from office Johnson was able to
  escape conviction by 1 vote

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V. Reconstruction

• 15th Amendment guaranteed African American
  males the right to vote (suffrage)
• northern Republicans who moved to the postwar
  South became known as carpetbaggers southerners
  gave them this nickname, which referred to a type
  of cheap suitcase made from carpet scraps they
  were depicted as greedy men seeking to grab power
  or make some fast cash

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V. Reconstruction

• in the postwar South, to be white and a
  southerner and a Republican was to be seen as a
  traitor - southerners had a nickname for those
  people as well, scalawag (Scottish word meaning
  scrawny cattle) many had opposed secession
  most were poor small farmers who hated the rich
  planters

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V. Reconstruction

• in March 1870 the last southern states were
  restored to the Union however, the U.S. was far
  from united - from 1868 through 1871, groups of
  white southerners launched a violent
  counterattack against Radical Reconstruction

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V. Reconstruction

• Ku Klux Klan (KKK) started in 1866 as a social
  club in Pulaski, TN - quickly evolved into a
  terrorist organization membership consisted
  largely of ex-Confederate officers and plantation
  owners - most professions were eventually
  represented in the Klan

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V. Reconstruction

• during Reconstruction, the Klan sought to
  eliminate the Republican Party in the South by
  intimidating Republican voters, both white and
  black the Klans long-term goal was to keep
  African Americans in the role of submissive
  laborers