USA Civil War (1861-1865)

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USA Civil War(1861-1865)
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Continent discovery

• First immigrants were Indians (30,000 B.C.)
• Second immigrants were Inuit (5,000 B.C.)
• First European nation that discovered American
  continent were Vikings (1,000 A.D)
• The trade was the most important reason why the
  Europeans started with world exploration.
• Fear of the Ottoman Empire forced the Atlantic
  nations to search for a new route to the East.

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• In August 1492, Columbus sailed west with his
  ships Niña, Pinta and Santa Maria.
• He made three more voyages to America and each
  time he thought he had reached the East.
• Later explorations proved that Columbus had
  discovered a New World. Ironically, that New
  World was named for someone else- Amerigo
  Vespucci.

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War Introduction

• There are many causes that led to the American
  Civil War. Slavery is known as the main cause for
  the war, but other political and cultural
  differences between the North and the South
  certainly contributed.
• The economies of many northern states moved
  away from farming to industry. A lot of people in
  the North worked and lived in large cities. The
  southern states, however, had a large farming
  economy that was based on slave labor. While the
  North no longer needed slaves, the South did.
• The election of the anti-slavery Republican
  Abraham Lincoln as president in 1860 caused 11
  southern states to secede from the Union to form
  the Confederate States of America. Four years of
  brutal conflict were marked by historic battles
  at Bull Run, Antietam, Chancellorsville,
  Gettysburg and Vicksburg. By the time it ended in
  Confederate surrender in 1865, the Civil War
  proved to be the costliest war ever fought on
  American soil, with some 620,000 of 2.4 million
  soldiers killed, millions more injured and the
  population and territory of the South devastated.

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• Abraham Lincoln was the President of the United
  States during the Civil War.
• He refused to recognize the southern states as an
  independent nation.
• Lincoln established Thanksgiving as a national
  holiday.
• In 1865, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes
  Booth, a southern sympathizer.

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• Union Generals
• Ulysses S. Grant- General Grant led the Army of
  Tennessee in the early stages of the war. He had
  the nickname "Unconditional Surrender." After
  winning major victories at Shiloh and Vicksburg,
  Grant was promoted by President Lincoln to lead
  the entire Union Army. Grant led the Army of the
  Potomac into several battles against Confederate
  General Robert E. Lee and eventually accepted his
  surrender at the Appomattox Court House. 
• William Tecumseh Sherman - General Sherman led
  under Grant at the Battle of Shiloh and the Siege
  of Vicksburg. He then gained command of his own
  army and conquered the city of Atlanta. He is
  most famous for his "march to the sea" from
  Atlanta to Savannah where he destroyed everything
  that could be used against his army along the
  way.

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Ulysses S. Grant
William Sherman
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• Confederate Generals
• Robert E. Lee - General Lee led the Confederate
  Army of Virginia throughout the Civil War. He was
  a brilliant commander who won many battles while
  being greatly outnumbered. His most important
  victories include the Second Battle of Bull Run,
  the Battle of Fredericksburg, and the Battle of
  Chancellorsville. 
• Stonewall Jackson - General Jackson earned his
  nickname "Stonewall" early in the war at the
  First Battle of Bull Run. When his soldiers held
  firmly against a fierce Union attack, it was said
  that he stood like a "stone wall. Jackson was
  accidentally killed by his own men at the Battle
  of Chancellorsville. 

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Robert E. Lee
Stonewall Jackson
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Battles

• The First Battle of Bull Run
• Union troops gathered around Washington D.C. in
  hope of seizing Manassas, which was a vital
  railroad, but the Confederate troops aligned the
  creek waiting for Union forces at Bull Run. This
  was the first large battle of the war. The
  Confederate forces defeated the Union.

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• The Peninsular Campaign 
• General McClellan (Union Army) decided to
  approach Richmond from the Atlantic
  coast. McClellan landed troops in Yorktown. The
  Confederates defeated the Union in the battles,
  led by General Joseph E. Johnston, then General
  Robert E. Lee.

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• The Battle of Shiloh 
• The Battle of Shiloh was fought as one of the
  battles of the "War in the West. General Grant
  led his army into Tennessee and continued to
  advance. Confederate forces attacked near Shiloh,
  resulting in thousands of casualties between both
  armies in two days of fighting. The Union won the
  bloodiest battle of the Civil War, even though
  they suffered more losses than the Confederates.

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• The Battle of Chancellorsville 
• The South won the Battle of Chancellorsville,
  part of the rising hope in the South. This was a
  time for hope in the South because the Union was
  loosing troops. Stonewall Jackson was killed
  accidentally by one of his own men at
  Chancellorsville when mistaken for a Yankee.

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• The Battle of Gettysburg 
• Almost accidentally, Confederate troops
  discovered Union cavalry in Gettysburg,
  Pennsylvania. The Confederates attacked, paving
  the way for the largest battle of the war,
  lasting three days. The Union Army won the Battle
  of Gettysburg, destroying Lee's hopes of carrying
  the fighting further up North. 

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War operations
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End of war and consequences

• The Civil War was one of the most tragic wars in
  American history. More Americans died then in all
  other wars combined.
• The nation was reunited and the southern states
  were not allowed to secede.
• The South was placed under military rule and
  divided into military districts. Southern states
  then had to apply for readmission to the Union.
• The Federal government proved itself supreme over
  the states.
• Slavery was effectively ended. While slavery was
  not officially outlawed until the passage of the
  13th amendment, the slaves were set free upon the
  end of the war.

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• Interesting Facts
• The Union Army of 2,100,000 soldiers was nearly
  twice the size of the Confederate Army of
  1,064,000.
• It was the deadliest war in American history.
• Around 9 million people lived in the Southern
  states at the time of the Civil War. Around 3.4m
  were slaves.
• 66 of the deaths in the war were due to disease.
• John and George Crittenden were brothers who were
  both generals during the war. John for the North
  and George for the South!
• Stonewall Jackson, one of the South's greatest
  generals, was killed by friendly fire.
• Lincoln dreamed of getting assassinated only a
  few days before he was killed by John Wilkes
  Booth.
• In the first few battles each side did not have
  regular uniforms. This made it tough to figure
  out who was who. Later the Union would wear dark
  blue uniforms and the Confederates gray coats and
  pants.

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• President Lincoln asked Robert E. Lee to command
  the Union forces, but Lee was loyal to Virginia
  and fought for the South.
• After John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln, he jumped
  from the box and broke his leg. However, he still
  managed to stand up on the stage and yell out the
  Virginia State Motto "Sic semper tyrannis" which
  means "Thus always to tyrants".
• Clara Barton was a famous nurse to the Union
  Troops. She was called the "Angel of the
  Battlefields" and founded the American Red Cross.