Italian Unification

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Italian Unification
2
Obstacles to Italian Unification

• No Italian language
• North is industrial, South is rural
• Much of land Italy envisions as part of Italy is
  held by Ottoman and Austrian Empires
• What will be the central rallying point for
  Italian Nationalism
• Pope and church?
• One king in one of the Italian States?
• Radical socialist-type democracy?
• What if Pope isnt the unifying point? What to do
  about the Pope in a secular Italy?

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Obstacles Overcome

• Cavour built a unified moderate (monarchical)
  Northern Italy
• Had to buy Napoleon IIIs support with
  territories to France
• Unification under Sardinias monarch Victor
  Emmanuel
• Garibaldi unified Southern Italy under a radical
  program (no monarch)
• A fight between north and south appeared
  imminent, but Garibaldi bowed to Cavour and chose
  national unity over radical ideology
• Provides a spur to northern German neighbors

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Italian Unification
Cavour/ Emmanuel
Garibaldi
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German Unification Under Bismarck
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Legacy of 1848

• Frederick William IV had failed to unify Germany
  under Prussian leadership
• Refused to take crown from the mob (Frankfurt
  Parliament)
• Was thwarted in his goal to receive crown from
  the elite by
• Austria and Russia
• Why would they resist?

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Prussia v Austria

• Both want to be the leaders of German Unification
  
• Italys Success Provides an inspiration
• Several Factors Give the Advantage to Prussia
• More industrialized with modern weaponry and
  transportation
• Has tremendous coal and iron deposits (Ruhr
  Valley)
• Leaders of Zollverein, which excludes Austria and
  is economically successful
• (this causes many of the smaller German states to
  want in for economic reasons)
• Austria is distracted by Ottomans and Russia and
  Italians
• Prussia has dynamic leaders
• William I replaces Frederick William
• Otto von Bismarck becomes German Chancellor real
  power in Germany
• Austria is multi-ethnic Prussia isnt

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Breech-loading Needle Gun
-bullet is loaded here instead of in the muzzle
-can fire 5 shots to 1 shot of other contemporary
guns
-has a bolt to move the bullet into position
-can be loaded while lying down, unlike muzzle
loaders
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Prussia Leadership Aims to Outmatch Austria

• William I wanted to build up the military
• blocked by the middle class German parliament
• Why not called a Diet anymore?
• Sics Otto von Bismarck on the Parliament
• illegal tax collection

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Otto von Bismarck

• Junker
• Conservative Nationalist
• Elites should join with the mob to run the
  country at the expense of the middle class
• Follows Napoleon IIIs plan of giving social
  programs to the poor in exchange for conservative
  authority
• Realpolitik
• Politics/diplomacy based primarily on practical
  routes to greater power rather than on
  ideological/moral foundations
• In other words, Bismarck is a modern day
  _________
• Basic strategy?
• use secret alliances to isolate enemies
• use nationalism, sparked by manufactured wars, to
  unite Germans under Prussian leadership

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Bismarck Quotes

• Laws are like sausages. It's better not to see
  them being made.
• Politics is the art of the possible
• They treat me like a fox, a cunning fellow of the
  first rank. But the truth is that with a
  gentleman I am always a gentleman and a half, and
  when I have to deal with a pirate, I try to be a
  pirate and a half.
• The great issues of the day are not decided
  through speeches and majority resolutions that
  was the great error of 1848 and 1849 but
  through blood and iron. (a dismissal of liberal
  nationalism)

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Bismarcks Success

• Prussia from 5th to 1st Great European Power
• raised taxes for Prussian army illegally
• Military Victories over Denmark, Austria, and
  France
• Eventually wins over all social classes
• How?
• Success!

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Wars Lead to Unification- Denmark

• Foolishly tires to claim Schleswig-Holstein
  (again)
• Area that had been jointly ruled by German
  Confederation and Denmark
• Austria and Prussia race to beat Denmark each
  wants to demonstrate that they are the true
  defenders and leaders of the German people

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Austro-Prussian War

• After beating Denmark, Bismarck manipulated
  arguments over running Schleswig-Holstein into an
  Austro-Prussian War
• Won by Prussia in 7 weeks
• Trains and needle guns
• Generous peace treaty to Austria
• Why?
• As a result- Hungary manages to force a dual
  monarchy on Austria
• Bismarck founds North German Confederation
• Uses the popularity of his victory to add a house
  to the German Parliament elected by you guessed
  it
• Universal male suffrage
• Reichstag
• Gets the middle class (now the upper) house of
  Parliament to retroactively accept his illegal
  pre-war taxes
• Middle Class has just traded _____________ for
  ___________

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Prussia Versus France

• Napoleon III had stayed out of the Austro-Prussia
  war because his central goal was to play Germany
  against itself (age-old French policy) and come
  out of it with maybe some territory for France,
  too
• Kind of what he did in Italian struggle for
  independence, right?
• However, Prussia wins too decisively -- becomes
  a threat to France
• If Prussia grabs the South German states it will
  become a serious threat to France
• Napoleon III- If Bismarck incorporates the south
  German states into a unified Germany our guns
  will go off by themselves

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Spark of Tension Between France and Prussia

• An uprising in Spain leaves succession in doubt
• to goad France, Bismarck maneuvers a Hohenzollern
  into position to get the throne
• Bismarck is Machiavellian his king doesnt even
  know what Bismarck is doing
• Why is this an impossible development for France?
  
• Think geography.
• Bismarck sees a war with France as a great
  opportunity
• South German states are Catholicare hesitant to
  join Bismarcks nation
• However, they do feel more German than French
• Do you see the point, then, of a war.

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Ems Dispatch Story

• Napoleon III sends an ambassador to ask William
  II to withdraw the Hohenzollern candidate from
  pursuing the Spanish throne
• The ambassador is a bit careless- he publicly
  demands a promise from William II when the king
  is vacationing at a spa called Ems
• William II is offended and refuses, even though
  he actually had already told the prospective king
  of Spain to withdraw
• William II sends a telegram to Bismarck to tell
  him about the incident- his telegram is calm and
  diplomatic
• Bismarck edits the telegram
• He makes the French ambassador seem more
  belittling, offensive, and disrespectful
• He makes William IIs dismissal of the French
  ambassador more belittling, offensive, and
  disrespectful
• Then he sends this edited telegram to
• The French press
• What is he doing?

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Unedited version His Majesty the King has written
to me Count Benedetti intercepted me on the
promenade and ended by demanding of me in a very
importunate manner that I should authorize him to
telegraph at once that I bound myself in
perpetuity never again to give my consent if the
Hohenzollerns renewed their candidature. I
rejected this demand somewhat sternly as it is
neither right nor possible to undertake
engagements of this kind for ever and ever.
Naturally I told him that I had not yet received
any news and since he had been better informed
via Paris and Madrid than I was, he must surely
see that my government was not concerned in the
matter. The King, on the advice of one of his
ministers decided in view of the above-mentioned
demands not to receive Count Benedetti any more,
but to have him informed by an adjutant that His
Majesty had now received from Leopold
confirmation of the news which Benedetti had
already had from Paris and had nothing further to
say to the ambassador. His Majesty suggests to
Your Excellency that Benedetti's new demand and
its rejection might well be communicated both to
our ambassadors and to the Press. Bismarck's
published, doctored version After the news of the
renunciation of the Prince von Hohenzollern had
been communicated to the Imperial French
government by the Royal Spanish government, the
French Ambassador in Ems made a further demand on
His Majesty the King that he should authorize him
to telegraph to Paris that His Majesty the King
undertook for all time never again to give his
assent should the Hohenzollerns once more take up
their candidature. His Majesty the King thereupon
refused to receive the Ambassador again and had
the latter informed by the adjutant of the day
that His Majesty had no further communication to
make to the Ambassador.
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Franco-Prussian War

• Prussians kick butt
• Capture Napoleon III !!!
• Parisians refuse to surrender, even without their
  emperor
• Bismarck sieges and shells Paris
• Important roots of war on civilian populations
  (see World Wars to come)
• Parisian slaughter circus elephants for meat!
• Harsh Treaty at the End of the War
• Reparations
• Loss of Alsace-Lorraine
• Humiliating coronation in the Hall of Mirrors
• Kaiser Wilhelm

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What I really want is bear but will he still see
me as a lady?
So many choices
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Far Reaching Importance of the Franco-Prussian
War

• French are pissed
• Alsace and Lorraine didnt want to be German
• South German states join Northern Confederation
• Kaiser William
• 2nd Reich (what was the 1st Reich?)
• Germans are drunk with success
• Social Darwinism
• Second Reich
• What does this mean?
• Why should this title be eerie?
• Flight of the Valkyries/Wagner
  http//www.last.fm/music/RichardWagner/_/Flighto
  ftheValkyries
• Humongous impact on French
• Humiliation and anger
• Paris Commune

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Hansen Name ____________________AP Euro
Italian and German Unification Note-Taking
Guide)

• I. Obstacles to Italian Unification
• No Italian _________________
• North is ______________, South is ____________
• Much of land Italy envisioned as part of Italy is
  held by ______________ and _______________________
  ______
• What will be the central rallying point for
  Italian Nationalism
• _______________________________?
• _______________________________?
• _______________________________?
• What if Pope isnt the unifying point? What to do
  about the Pope in ______________________?
• II. Obstacles Overcome
• Cavour built a unified ________ (monarchical)
  _______________
• Had to buy Napoleon IIIs support with
  __________________
• Unification under Sardinias monarch
  _________________
• _________ unified Southern Italy under a
  _____________ (no monarch)
• A fight between north and south appeared
  imminent, but __________ _______________________
  and chose ___________________ over radical
  ideology
• Provides a spur to ______________________________
• III. German Unification Under Bismarck
• Legacy of ___________

• Otto von Bismarck became _______________ ______
  ___________________ in Germany
• Austria is _______________ Prussia ________
• Breech Loading Needle Gun - ______________________
  _____
• Prussian Leadership Aims to Outmatch Austria
• William I wanted to build ________________________
  _
• blocked by the ___________________________________
  ____
• Why not called a Diet anymore?
• _____________________________on the Parliament
• illegal tax collection - _______________________
  ___
• Otto von Bismarck
• _________________
• Conservative Nationalist
• ____________ should _______________________ to
  run the country at the expense of the middle
  class
• Follows _________________ of giving ___________
  to the poor in exchange for conservative
  authority
• _________________________
• Politics/diplomacy based primarily on
  _____________to greater power rather than on
  ideological/moral foundations
• In other words, Bismarck is a modern day
  _________
• Basic strategy?
• ______________________________________

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• Eventually wins over all social classes
• How? ? ______________
• Wars Lead to Unification- Denmark
• Foolishly tires to claim _________________
  (again)
• Area that had been jointly ruled by German
  Confederation and Denmark
• Austria and Prussia _______________ each wants
  to demonstrate that they are the _____________ of
  the German people
• Austro-Prussian War
• After beating Denmark, Bismarck manipulated
  arguments over running Schleswig-Holstein into an
  Austro-Prussian War
• Won by Prussia in ________________
• ___________and needle guns
• Generous peace treaty to Austria
• Why? ___________________________________
• As a result- Hungary manages to force a
  ___________ on Austria
• Bismarck founded _________________________________
  _____
• Uses the popularity of his victory to add a house
  to the German Parliament elected by you guessed
  it
• ______________________________
• ______________________________
• Gets the middle class (now the upper) house of
  Parliament to ____________________________ his
  illegal pre-war taxes
• Middle Class has just traded _____________ for
  ___________

• Bismarck sees a war with France as a great
  opportunity
• South German states _______________________
  _____________________________ Bismarcks nation
• However, they do feel more _______________________
  
• Do you see the point, ____________________?
• Ems Dispatch
• Napoleon III sent an ambassador to ask William II
  to withdraw the Hohenzollern candidate from
  pursuing the Spanish throne
• The ambassador was ___________________________ a
  promise from William II when the king is
  vacationing at a _________________________________
  
• William II was ____________, even though he
  actually had already told the prospective king of
  Spain ________
• William II sends a telegram to Bismarck to tell
  him about the incident- his telegram was
  _____________________
• Bismarck ____________________________________
• He made the French ambassador seem more
  __________ _______________________________________
  _______
• He made ____________________________________
  ambassador more belittling, offensive, and
  disrespectful
• Then he sends this edited telegram to
• ___________________________
• What is he doing? ________________________________
  _____
• Franco Prussian War
• Prussians _____________
• ____________________________ !!!
• Parisians refuse to surrender, even without their
  emperor