Italian and German Unification

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Italian and German Unification

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Title: Italian and German Unification

1
Italian and German Unification

The End of a Balance of Power on the European
Continent
1848 - 1871

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2

"The republic, as I at least understand it,
means association, of which liberty is only an
element, a necessary antecedent. It means
association, a new philosophy of life, a divine
Ideal that shall move the world, the only means
of regeneration vouchsafed to the human race."
Giuseppe Mazzini

"The word 'Italy' is a geographical expression,
a description which is useful shorthand, but has
none of the political significance the efforts of
the revolutionary ideologues try to put on it,
and which is full of dangers for the very
existence of the states which make up the
peninsula.
Austrian Minister Count Metternich, 1847

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5
The First Steps After 1848

By 1852, most Italians were looking to the
Kingdom of Piedmont/Sardinia for leadership
The King, Victor Emmanuel II had granted a
liberal constitution
He also appointed the reformist Camillo di Cavour
as Prime Minister

6
Vittorio Emmanuel II and the Prime Minister

Cavour was a wealthy aristocrat with the goal of
uniting Italy under the King of Sardinia Victor
Emmanuel
Mazzini did not trust him he saw Cavour not as
an Italian unifier, but as someone out to expand
the power of Sardinia

Count Camillo di Cavour
7
The Method

Cavour used all of the tools available to him to
achieve unification
After Sardinian troops helped France and Britain
in Russia, France agreed in 1858 to help Sardinia
drive Austria out of the northern Italian states
of Lombardy, and Venetia

8
The Editor at Work

Through some clever wording, "While respecting
treaties we cannot remain insensitive to the cry
of suffering that rises towards us from so many
parts of Italy, the King managed to threaten
Austria while appearing to be innocent.
The text had been approved in advance by both
Cavour and Napoleon III.

9
On April 23, 1859 . . .

The Austrian Emperor demanded that Sardinia
demobilize its forces within three days
otherwise the Emperor would have no alternative
but to declare war.
When Sardinia did not respond, the Austrians
attacked, and France and Sardinia responded and
won two very quick victories

10
Meanwhile . . .

There were revolts in the states of Tuscany,
Parma, and Modena all of which demanded
annexation to Sardinia
Oops . . . there is such a thing as too good to
be true.
France was afraid that Sardinia with all of
this new territory would become too powerful
and prevent Frances playing games in Italy

11
Soooooo. . .

Napoleon III, afraid of Austrias northern ally
Prussia, cut a separate deal with Austria
without Sardinias knowledge
In the Treaty of Villafranca, only Parma and
Modena were granted to Sardinia two territories
that were not even subject to the war
Lombardy was ceded to France and then given to
Sardinia
Venetia was kept by Austria
Nice and Savoy were ceded by Sardinia to France

12
And . . .

Cavour felt betrayed by his own King, and
resigned only to come back later
Another leader, Giuseppe Garibaldi, was even more
upset he was from Nice
After much calming, he turned to the South and
the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, ruled by French
Bourbons

Garibaldi, 1860
13
And as his recruiting slogan . . .

I offer neither pay, nor quarters, nor food I
offer only hunger, thirst, forced marches,
battles and death. Let him who loves his country
with his heart, and not merely with his lips,
follow me.

Giuseppe Garibaldi (18071882), Italian patriot,
soldier. Speech, July 2, 1849. Quoted in
Garibaldis Defence of the Roman Republic, G.M.
Trevelyan (1907-1911).
14
Conquest in the South

Leading 1,000 troops wearing Garibaldis Red
Shirt (the cheapest uniform that he could find)
he headed for Sicily
These Red Shirts overthrew the country in five
months and took over

15
The Next Step possible conflict with the Pope

In October 1860, Garibaldi ceded control of the
south to Victor Emmanuel II, giving
Piedmont/Sardinia control over the north and the
south
He then created unrest in Romagna to ensure the
intervention of Sardinian troops to restore
order

16
How to Keep France Out

The army went in and could have taken Rome
easily
Cavour feared that if the Pope were directly
threatened, the French would invade
Rome would not join the new Kingdom of Italy
until 1870

17
That Leaves . . . Venetia (and Venice)

In the wars to unite Germany, Prussia got Austria
to give the province to Sardinia in 1866
That finalized a country with the exception of
territory in Dalmatia (which will be called
Italia Irredenta or Italy Unredeemed, until
1918), then it will be part of Yugoslavia

The Grand Canal in Venice
18
The New Italy
19
Italian National Anthem

Italian brothers,Italy has arisen,With Scipio's
helmetbinding her head.Where is Victory?Let
her bow down, For God has made herThe slave of
Rome.Let us gather in legions,Ready to
die!Italy has called!

We for centuriesHave been downtrodden and
derided,Because we are not a people,Because we
are divided.Let one flag, one hopeBring us
togetherThe hour has struckFor us to join
forces.Let us gather in legions,Ready to
die!Italy has called!

20
Italian National Anthem

Let us unite and love one anotherFor union and
loveReveal to peoplesThe way of the LordLet us
swear to freeOur native soilIf we are united
under God,Who can conquer us?Let us gather in
legions,Ready to die!Italy has called!

From the Alps to Sicily,Everywhere it is
LegnanoEvery man has the heart and hand of
Ferruccio.The children of ItalyAre all called
BalillaEvery trumpet blastSounds the
(Sicilian) Vespers.Let us gather in
legions,Ready to die!Italy has called!

21
And the last verse . . .

Mercenary swordsAre feeble reeds,And the
Austrian eagleHas lost his plumes.This eagle
that drunk the bloodof Italy and
Poland,together with the Cossack,But this has
burned his gut.Let us gather in legions,Ready
to die!Italy has called!

22
The Real Deal and the Balance Breaker - Germany

In 1848 Germany was made up of many, many small
states.
The largest were Austria, Prussia, and Bavaria
The strongest of these was Prussia, with Berlin
as its capital
It had the largest and strongest army and the
most industrialized economy

23
The King of Prussia . . .

Was the powerful William I of the house of
Hohenzollern
William had little sympathy with the liberals of
1848 especially when they would not let him do
what he wanted to

24
The Kings Plan

Was to unite all of Germany except Austria itself
under Prussian leadership
Clearly this would not impress Austria but they
had severe nationalism issues to deal with
The Kings first priority was to strengthen the
military except that the Reichstag, or
parliament, refused to grant him the funding to
do it

25
So he appointed . . .

Otto von Bismarck as Minister-President of
Prussia
After having a round with the Reichstag, Bismarck
declared that he would rule without a legal
budget, and raise money without the consent of
the Reichstag

A thorough Darwinian, he said at one point that
it was the destiny of the weak to be devoured by
the strong. Nietzschean philosophy would soon
adopt the same tenor.

27
Realpolitik

The term means, literally, the politics of
reality
No idealism, no guesswork what you see is what
you get
With the Kings approval, he proceeded to collect
illegal taxes, and strengthen the military
It was in justification of this policy that he
coined his famous quote,

The great questions of the day will not be
decided by speeches or majority decisions that
was the mistake of 1848 and 1849 but by blood
and iron.
Clearly, not a fan of discourse and peaceful
resolution.

29
The First Step

In 1864, the kingdom was ready
He signed an alliance with Austria and picked a
fight with Denmark
Why Denmark???
To set up a situation that could easily be
exploited against Austria

30
War with Denmark - Settlement
Schleswig

The two German powers quickly won the war with
Denmark, and annexed its two southern provinces
Holstein for Austria and Schleswig for Prussia
Please note that Prussian troops had to cross
Austrian territory to get to Schleswig

Holstein
31
Calculated Aggravation

Prussian troops soon began to aggravate Austrian
troops march through the territory, take over
trains, allow German nationals to break Austrian
law, etc. while on passage
This quickly led to another war in 1866, this one
with Austria
Dubbed the Seven Weeks War, it was over quickly
with Austria losing badly

32
Seven Weeks Results

Not wanting to make Austria too mad, Prussia only
took away Holstein and made Austria give up
Venetia to Italy
The states of northern Germany united to form the
North German Confederation with the Prussian
King as the President

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34
The Next, and Final Step

This left Bavaria and the southern states who
were more afraid of Austrian and French reaction
than of being left out.
Bismarck felt that Austria was no threat and he
had to make the southern states more afraid of
France than of being dominated by Prussia
So guess what yep, you guessed it, he picked a
fight with France

35
How??

In the nineteenth and even somewhat now,
diplomatic language is very precise and must be
used carefully
When a diplomatic message was being sent to
France in reply to an enquiry by Napoleon III,
Bismarck did a little alteration falsifying an
account of a meeting held between the leaders
and then published the result in the papers
rather than send the telegram

36
The Original From King William to Napoleon III

Count Benedetti intercepted me on the promenade
and ended by demanding of me in a very
importunate manner that I should authorize him to
telegraph at once that I bound myself in
perpetuity never again to give my consent if the
Hohenzollerns renewed their candidature. I
rejected this demand somewhat sternly as it is
neither right nor possible to undertake
engagements of this kind for ever and ever.
Naturally I told him that I had not yet received
any news and since he had been better informed
via Paris and Madrid than I was, he must surely
see that my government was not concerned in the
matter.

37
Bismarcks Edited Version

After the news of the renunciation of the Prince
von Hohenzollern had been communicated to the
Imperial French government by the Royal Spanish
government, the French Ambassador in Ems made a
further demand on His Majesty the King that he
should authorize him to telegraph to Paris that
His Majesty the King undertook for all time never
again to give his assent should the Hohenzollerns
once more take up their candidature. His Majesty
the King thereupon refused to receive the
Ambassador again and had the latter informed by
the adjutant of the day that His Majesty had no
further communication to make to the Ambassador.

38
The Franco-Prussian War

This edited result looked like a royal insult to
the French Emperor
France declared war on July 19, 1870 Napoleons
single stupidest move
Prussia crushed France in two months (Paris made
it another two months.)

39
The Cause is Complete

Among the prisoners captured (80,000) at the
battle of Sedan was Emperor Napoleon III himself
Nationalism took over the southern German
states rallied to the cause
The German Empire was declared at a ceremony in
the Palace of Versailles on January 18, 1871,
with the crowning of Kaiser Wilhelm I

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41
Franco-Prussian Settlement

Unlike the settlement with Austria, Bismarck
sought to destroy France
The terms were among the harshest yet seen
France would cede the territories of Alsace and
Lorraine to Germany
They would pay an indemnity of 1B (Ff 5 Billion)
German troops would occupy France until the bill
was paid
This sowed the seed of hatred that would spring
into World War I but that is for another day

42
The Resulting Country