Anatomy%20

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Anatomy Physiology Of Female Reproductive System
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Learning Objectives

• Define the terms listed.
• Identify the female external reproductive organs.
• Explain the structure of the bony pelvis.
• Explain the functions and structures of pelvic
  floor.

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Introduction
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External Female Structures

• Collectively, the external female reproductive
  organs are called the Vulva.

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External Female Structures

• Mons Pubis.
• Labia Majora
• Labia Minora.
• Clitoris.
• Vestibule.
• Perineum

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Mons Pubis

• Is rounded, soft fullness of
  subcutaneous fatty tissue, prominence over the
  symphysis pubis that forms the anterior border of
  the external reproductive organs.
• It is covered with varying amounts of
  pubic hair.

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Labia Majora Minora

• The labia Majora are two rounded, fleshy folds of
  tissue that extended from the mons pubis to the
  perineum.
• It is protect the labia minora, urinary meatus
  and vaginal introitus.

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Labia Minora

• It is located between the labia majora, are
  narrow.
• The lateral and anterior aspects are usually
  pigmented.
• The inner surfaces are similar to vaginal mucosa,
  pink and mois.
• Their rich vascularity.

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Clitoris.

• The term clitoris comes from a Greek word meaning
  key.
• Erectile organ.
• Its rich vascular, highly sensitive to
  temperature, touch, and pressure sensation

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Vestibule.

• Is oval-shaped area formed between the labia
  minora, clitoris, and fourchette.
• Vestibule contains the external urethral meatus,
  vaginal introitus, and Bartholins glands.

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Perineum

• Is the most posterior part of the external female
  reproductive organs.
• It extends from fourchette anteriorly to the anus
  posteriorly.
• And is composed of fibrous and muscular tissues
  that support pelvic structures.

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Internal Female Structures

• Vagina
• Uterus
• Fallopian tubes
• Ovaries

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Fallopian tubes

• The two tubes extended from the cornu of the
  uterus to the ovary.
• It runs in the upper free border of the broad
  ligament.
• Length 8 to 14 cm average 10 cm
• Its divided into 4 parts.

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1. Interstitial part

• Which runs into uterine cavity, passes through
  the myometrium between the fundus and body of the
  uterus. About 1-2cm in length.

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2. Isthmus

• Which is the narrow part of the tube adjacent to
  the uterus.
• Straight and cord like , about 2 3 cm in length.

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3. Ampulla

• Which is the wider part about 5 cm in length.
• Fertilization occurs in the ampulla.

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4. Infundibulum

• It is funnel or trumpet shaped.
• Fimbriae are fingerlike processes, one of these
  is longer than the other and adherent to the
  ovary.
• The fimbriae become swollen almost erectile at
  ovulation.

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Functions

• Gamete transport (ovum pickup, ovum transport,
  sperm transport).
• Final maturation of gamete post ovulate oocyte
  maturation, sperm capicitation.

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• Fluid environment for early embryonic
  development.
• Transport of fertilized and unfertilized ovum to
  the uterus.

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Ovaries

• Oval solid structure, 1.5 cm in thickness, 2.5 cm
  in width and 3.5 cm in length respectively. Each
  weights about 48 gm.
• Ovary is located on each side of the uterus,
  below and behind the uterine tubes

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Structure of the ovaries

• Cortex
• Medulla
• Hilum

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Ovaries and Relationship to
Uterine Tube and Uterus
Figure 2814
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Function of the ovary

• Secrete estrogen progesterone.
• Production of ova

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Uterus

• The uterus is a hollow, pear shaped muscular
  organ.
• The uterus measures about 7.5 X 5 X 2.5 cm and
  weight about 50 60 gm.

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• Its normal position is anteverted (rotated
  forward and slightly antiflexed (flexed forward)
• The uterus divided into three parts

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1. Body of the uterus

• The upper part is the corpus, or body of the
  uterus
• The fundus is the part of the body or corpus
  above the area where the fallopian tubes enter
  the uterus.
• Length about 5 cm.

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2. Isthmus

• A narrower transition zone.
• Is between the corpus of the uterus and cervix.
• During late pregnancy, the isthmus elongates and
  is known as the lower uterine segment.

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3. Cervix

• The lowermost position of the uterus neck.
• The length of the cervix is about 2.5 t0 3 cm.

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• The os, is the opening in the cervix that runs
  between the uterus and vagina.
• The upper part of the cervix is marked by
  internal os and the lower cervix is marked by the
  external os.

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Layers of the uterus

• Perimetrium.
• Myometrium.
• Endometrium.

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1. Perimetrium

• Is the outer peritoneal layer of serous membrane
  that covers most of the uterus.

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• Laterally, the perimetrium is continuous with the
  broad ligaments on either side of the uterus.

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2. Myometrium

• Is the middle layer of thick muscle.
• Most of the muscle fibers are concentrated in the
  upper uterus, and their number diminishes
  progressively toward the cervix.

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• The myometrium contains three types of smooth
  muscle fiber

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Longitudinal fibers (outer layer)

• Which are found mostly in the fundus and are
  designed to expel the fetus efficiently toward
  the pelvic outlet during birth.

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Middle layer figure-8 fibers

• These fiber contract after birth to compress the
  blood vessels that pass between them to limit
  blood loss.

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Inner layer circular fibers

• Which form constrictions where the fallopian
  tubes enter the uterus and surround the internal
  os
• Circular fibers prevent reflux of menstrual blood
  and tissue into the fallopian tubes.

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• Promote normal implantation of the fertilized
  ovum by controlling its entry into the uterus.
• And retain the fetus until the appropriate time
  of birth.

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3. Endometrium

• Is the inner layer of the uterus.
• It is responsive to the cyclic variations of
  estrogen and progesterone during the female
  reproductive cycle every month.

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• The two or three layers of the endometrium are
• Compact layer
• The basal layer
• The functional or Sponge layer
  this layer is shed during each menstrual period
  and after child birth in the lochia

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The Function of the uterus

• Menstruation ----the uterus sloughs off the
  endometrium.
• Pregnancy ---the uterus support fetus and allows
  the fetus to grow.

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• Labor and birth---the uterine muscles contract
  and the cervix dilates during labor to expel the
  fetus

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Vagina

• It is an elastic fibro-muscular tube and
  membranous tissue about 8 to 10 cm long.
• Lying between the bladder anteriorly and the
  rectum posteriorly.

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• The vagina connects the uterus above with the
  vestibule below.
• The upper end is blind and called the vaginal
  vault.

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• The vaginal lining has multiple folds, or rugae
  and muscle layer. These folds allow the vagina to
  stretch considerably during childbirth.

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• The reaction of the vagina is acidic, the pH is
  4.5 that protects the vagina against infection.

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Functions of the vagina

• To allow discharge of the menstrual flow.
• As the female organs of coitus.
• To allow passage of the fetus from the uterus.

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Support structures

• The bony pelvis support and protects the lower
  abdominal and internal reproductive organs.

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• Muscle, Joints and ligaments provide added
  support for internal organs of the pelvis against
  the downward force of gravity and the increases
  in intra-abdominal pressure

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Bony Pelvis

• Bony Pelvis Is Composed of 4 bones
• 1. Two hip bones.
• 2. Sacrum.
• 3. Coccyx.

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1. Two hip bones.

• Each or hip bone is composed of three bones
• Ilium
• Ischium
• Pubis

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Ilium

• It is the flared out part.
• The greater part of its inner aspect is smooth
  and concave, forming the iliac fossa.
• The upper border of the ilium is called iliac
  crest

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Ischium

• It is the thick lower part.
• It has a large prominence known as the ischial
  tuberosity on which the body rests while sitting.

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• Behind and little above the tuberosity is an
  inward projection the ischial spine.

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2. Sacrum

• Is a wedge shaped bone consisting of five
  vertebrae.
• The anterior surface of the sacrum is concave
• The upper border of the first sacral vertebra
  known as the sacral promontory

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3. Coccyx.

• Consists of four vertebrae forming a small
  triangular bone.

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