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LINEA GRAFFI v5.1
GRAFFITI
First Part General information
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Schema generale
Anti-graffiti Treatment
In most cases the damage is done on unprotected
surfaces. Graffiti problem is faced by means of
empirical methods and unsuitable techniques. The
proper solution must come from a series of steps
which will give the antigraffiti system.
Diagnostics preparation of intervention
Identification of graffiti Characteristics of
materials Operative tests Site logistics

• Physical-mechanical methods
• Sandblasting, pressure washing, waterjet
  sandblsting,
• low-pressure centrifuge washing, laser, etc.
• Chemical methods
• Solvents, paints removers, poultices, cleaners

Removal of graffitis
Antigraffiti protection
Cleaning graffitis From protected surfaces
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diagnostica
Diagnostics

• The identification of graffiti to be removed is
  the complement to the most efficient removal
  methos this can be determined with preliminary
  testing.
• The features of the material (stone, marble,
  bricks, plaster, wallpaints, etc) are critical at
  the same way
• physical properties of the surface (roughness,
  porosity)
• resistance to washing (water absorption,
  sensitivity to alkaline/acid detergents,
  sensitivity to solvents)
• mechanical properties (hardness, resistance to
  high-pressure waterjet)
• These features must be related to the state of
  conservation and to the possible artistic
  relevance this will affect the operative
  logistics and the choice of cleaning technique
  and of protection needed.

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diagnostica
Literature
Interventi Antigraffiti Proposte e progressi
sulla ripulitura e protezione delle superfici. Il
punto della situazione sulla ricerca e sulle
tecniche antigraffiti. A.Granato et al., GEAL
srl, Incontri Tecnici Restauro 1999 e 2000,
Ferrara in collaborazione con CNR Firenze e
Syremont spa Protezione Antigraffiti, studio
preliminare. S.Galbiati e C.Garavelli,
Politecnico di Milano, Incontri Tecnici Restauro
2001, Ferrara in collaborazione con Geal srl e
Istituto Centrale di Restauro, Roma Protezione
Antigraffito, una ricerca sperimentale.
S.Galbiati e C.Garavelli, Recupero e
Conservazione, 2001, n.40-41
Issues are in Italian language
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Materials and surfaces
Porous and absorbing stone
In some particular cases it is not possible to
wash intensively with waterjet, like here in the
historic centre of Florence, Italy. The stone is
teh traditional Pietraforte sandstone in a façade
of a 16th century florentine palace. Heavy
encrustations of altered material and urban
pollution deposits can be easily removed by an
extracting poultice. Left result after one
application only.
Cleaning volcanic tuffstone, extremely absorbing,
can result very difficult. Cleaning unprotected
surfaced could be almost impossible without
causing damage to the stone.
It is always needed to clean perfectly the
surface before applying antigraffiti protection.
Photo wall covering made of Vicenza Stone
(calcareous sandstone) with topical deposits of
dark mildew.
TECHNICAL REMARK Travertine is not an absorbing
stone, but natural cavities present on unfilled
surfaces will make extremely hard its cleaning.
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Materials and surfaces
Mixed materials
Up and left 2 very common cases of graffitis
overlapping and/or drawn on different materials
(bricks, concrete, painted metal, glass). Correct
management of the working site must foresee
preliminary tests to determine products and
cleaning steps. Down glass-tessera mosaic.
Cleaning of tesseras is generally very simple,
but could be difficult to clean light-coloured
grouts without damaging.
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Materials and surfaces
Plaster and concrete
Cleaning graffitis could result the most
expensive intervention in terms of manpower,
equipment, products. It is absolutely needed to
carry out prelimary tests in order to determine
the practical effectiveness and costs. In many
cases re-making plaster is the most acceptable
economic solution, when the antigraffiti
protection was not made before.
Up uncontrolled use of aggressive detergents can
make it worse, with colour casting and absorption
of dissolved paints. Down damage caused by a
normal high-pressure washer on a traditional
plaster surface
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LINEA GRAFFI v5.1
GRAFFITI
Second Part Anti-graffiti intervention
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Removal
Removal of graffitis must be carried out by
non-hazardous products and techniques to the
operators and environment, neither destructive
for the material
MECHANICAL METHODS
Sandblasting,sabbiatura, idrolavaggio,
idrosabbiatura, etc.
laser its use is limited to some artwork only
Low-pressure centrifuge washing
CHEMICAL METHODS

• Packs with absorbant poultices
• made with a substratum (natural clay, paper pulp,
  etc.) detergent

solvents liquid and gel
detergents and bleaches
MIXED METHODS
Various techniques e.g. detergent pressure
washer
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Low-impact mechanical methods
Damages caused by high-pressure sandblaster on a
sandstone wall cladding
Traditional pressure washing machines and
sandblasters can provoke irreversible mechanical
damage to the surfaces, caused by direct impact
of abrasive with high pressure. Present trend is
to subsitute traditional abrasives with those of
low hardness and utilize equipments which
generate variable helical-shaped jet, in order to
get minimum pressure tangent to the surface and
thus obtaining a controlled action. This market
is expandind by reducing the costs of equipmet
and of site management.
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Chemical cleaning methodologies
When tested to be effective, the chemical
cleaning is the best method to avoid damages to
the surfaces. Of course it should be recommended
to respect operation sequence and products
determined by prelimary testing. In the pictures
2 examples of intervention with liquid
deter-solvents. In some particular cases and on
porous materials it is advised to use chemical
extracters with absorbing power, in order not to
diffuse the dissolved colour into the material.
Generally the use of extracters (poultices based
on natural clay) is alternated with liquid
detergents.
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Technical features
ANTIGRAFFITI PROTECTION

Avoids grip of graffitis
makes cleaning faster and easier
Discouraging effect
makes the adhesion of colours and paints difficult
many competitors products are classified toxic
or noxious, or use solvents with heavy
environmental impact
Products are not hazardous
does not produce chromatic alteration after its
application and after long exposure
No visual impact
Reversibility
of the protective treatment, can be used on
monuments and artworks
Not filming
saves the permeability to water vapour (breathing)
the removal of graffiti can be carried out with
fast non-hazardous cleaners
Easy and unexpensive maintenance
Versatility
2 products only to protect all materials
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Practical examples of application
ANTIGRAFFITI PROTECTION
No sophisticated tool is required for the
application of GEALs antigraffiti protectives
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ANTIGRAFFITI TREATMENT
Examples of intervention
Statue and basement made of white Carrara marble
Piazza Mercadante Naples, Italy
Before
End of the work, after cleaning and protection
with GRAFFÍ SCUDO
A step of removal with GRAFFÍ ESTRATTORE
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ANTIGRAFFITI TREATMENT
Examples of intervention
Covering of a façade made of Pietra Serena
sandstone
Surface had been protected with GRAFFÍ DEFEND
A step of cleaning with GRAFFÍ TERGENT
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ANTIGRAFFITI TREATMENT
Examples of intervention
Wall covering of a tunnel made of Santafiora
sandstone
Underpass Fortezza da Basso, Florence, Italy
opened to traffic in september, 2004
Santafiora is a siliceous sandstione, coarse,
rich in fossils and imprints of mud-eaters, with
medium-high absorption
The underpass tunnel as it looked before the
work. Stone covering is laid both on the internal
walls and on side exterior walls. Total stone
surface is 3600 sqm ca. It was quoted to complete
the job in 7 working days with 4 operators, in
the optimum weather conditions.
Some prelimary tests were carried out, in order
to determine dosages and products to be
applied. Accepted working proposal involved a
preliminary washing with SERVICE ACIDO diluted, a
protective impregnation with GRAFFÍ FOND, and a
final antigraffiti protection with GRAFFÍ
DEFEND This treatment will allow an easy
maintenance and an immediate renovation of
protection.
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ANTIGRAFFITI TREATMENT
Examples of intervention
Wall covering of a tunnel made of Santafiora
sandstone
Underpass Fortezza da Basso, Florence, Italy
opened to traffic in september, 2004
Il tunnel dopo lapertura al traffico veicolare a
2 mesi dallintervento, durato materialmente 5
giorni lavorativi. Laspetto naturale della
pietra è rimasto intatto
Lapplicazione a spruzzo di GRAFFÍ FOND seguita
dalluniformazione. Una squadra di 2 operatori è
sufficiente per coprire grandi superfici in tempi
brevi.
La pulizia preliminare con SERVICE ACIDO diluito
al 20, per eliminare le tracce di polvere di
lavorazione della pietra, di posa, di pulviscolo
atmosferico. Questo lavaggio è necessario per
migliorare le prestazioni della protezione, come
evidenziato dai test.
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ANTIGRAFFITI TREATMENT
Examples of intervention
Exterior wall made of Pietra di Vicenza (soft
limestone)
Museum of Contemporary Art MART of Rovereto,
Trento
Application tests of protection by means of
GRAFFÍ FOND and GRAFFÍ DEFEND, to verify the
absence of chromatic effect
For the whole outdoor covering a yellow variety
of Pietra di Vicenza was used. The stone is a
fossiliferous biocalcarenite (porous limestone)
with a high absorption. Outdoor pavement is made
of Tridentin Porphyry (hard stone, similar to
granite).
Total surface is about 20000 sq.mts of stone and
4000 sq.mts ca of porphyry Both materials need
preliminary cleaning to remove alterations.
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LINEA GRAFFI v5.1
GRAFFITI
Third Part GEAL's proposal
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REMOVAL OF GRAFFITIS BY CHEMICALS
for the complete removal from porous materials
and residual spots (ghosts)
GRAFFI ESTRATTORE
For the removal from painted surfaces or delicate
surfaces, not resistant to acids, alkalis,
solvents
GRAFFÍ TERGENT
Physical-mechanical methods also used
In some situations removal can be made easier by
using other Geals productsEstrattore
Sverniciante, to remove thick paints and
enamelsService Linfosolv, to remove graffiti
from wood Estrattore Alcale, to remove uncommon
graffiti made with lipstick, wax paints, etc.
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REMOVAL FROM TREATED SURFACES
GRAFFI TERGENT Neutral selective detergent
Rinse can be manual or by pressure washer
Carry out preliminary tests
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Antigraffiti Treatment
Graffì TERGENT
Not needed on hard surfaces such as polished
marble, ceramic tiles, etc
PROTECTION
Graffì FOND
ON TREATED SURFACES
Graffì TERGENT
Graffì DEFEND
For maintenance reapply GRAFFÍ DEFEND After any
washing