early 19c Industrialization in America

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Early 19c Industrialization in America The
Market Revolution
Chapter 14 EU How did industrialization affect
the American economy and social structure?
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The Transportation Revolution
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First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA
By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most
major cities gt Westward expansion
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Cumberland (National Road), 1811-1852, 591 miles
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Erie Canal System
Effects of Shipping down from 100 to
5. Shipping days down from 20 to 6. Land Values
up, cities built. Immigrants flooded NW
40 wide, 4 deep
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Erie Canal, 1820s
Begun in 1817 completed in 1825
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Robert Fulton the Steamboat Fultons Folly
Made rivers 2-way arteries. By 1860 1000 ships
1807 The Clermont
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Principal Canals in 1840
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Clipper Ships
Fast, but small. Taken over by British
Teakettles
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The Iron Horse Wins! (1830)
More RR in North, than South. Served to
isolate the South. Could get from NY to
Chicago in 2 days (3 weeks by canal) Opposition
came from investors in canals. Dangerous, no
schedule, various gauges.
1830 ? 13 miles of track built by Baltimore
Ohio RRBy 1850 ? 9000 mi. of RR track 1860 ?
31,000 mi.
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TheRailroadRevolution,1850s

• Immigrant laborbuilt the No. RRs.
• Slave laborbuilt the So. RRs.

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New Inventions "Yankee Ingenuity"
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Resourcefulness Experimentation

• Americans were willing to try anything.
• They were first copiers, theninnovators.

1800 ? 41 patents were approved. 1860 ? 4,357

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Eli Whitneys Cotton Gin, 1791
Increased the demand for slave labor b/c could
harvest cotton more efficiently for a higher
profit
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Eli Whitneys Gun Factory
Interchangeable Parts Rifle (1798)
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John Deere the Steel Plow(1837)
Could cut through the thick prairie sod on the
Great Plains frontier
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Cyrus McCormick the Mechanical Reaper 1831
Makes the harvest much faster less
labor-intensive
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Samuel F. B. Morse
1840 Telegraph
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Elias Howe Isaac Singer
1840sSewing Machine
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The American Dream

• They all regarded material advance as the natural
  fruit of American republicanism proof of the
  countrys virtue and promise.
• Europe stretches to the Alleghenies America
  lies beyond. - Emerson

A German visitor in the 1840s, Friedrich List,
observed
Anything new is quickly introduced here,
including all of the latest inventions. There is
no clinging to old ways. The moment an American
hears the word invention, he pricks up his ears.
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The Northern Industrial "Juggernaut"
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Creating a Business-Friendly Climate
Supreme Court Rulings Fletcher v. Peck (1810)
upheld contracts (Georgia land contracts)
Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819) NH tried to revoke
land grant of Dartmouth College McCulloch
v. Maryland (1819) Federal over state laws
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) Congressional power to
regulate commerce Charles Rivers Bridge
v. Warren Bridge (1837) rights to build a
bridge (states v federal) Taney Court J.
Marshall died in 1835
General Incorporation Law ? passed
in New York, 1848.
Laissez faire ? Govt is hands-off in economy.
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Distribution of Wealth

• During the American Revolution,45 of all wealth
  in the top 10 ofthe population.

• 1845 Boston ? top 4 owned over 65 of the
  wealth.

• 1860 Philadelphia ? top 1 owned over 50 of
  the wealth.

• The gap between rich and poor was widening!

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New England Rules Supreme

• No large-scale farming due to soil
• Population labor force a market to sell
• from shipping
• Seaports easy trade
• Rivers to run factories

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Samuel Slater(Father of the Factory System)
Slaters Textile Mills
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The Lowell/Waltham SystemFirst Dual-Purpose
Textile Plant
Francis Cabot Lowells town - 1814
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Lowell Mill
The Lowell mills employed young, unmarried girls
from nearby farm families
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New England Dominance in Textiles
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Irish Immigrant Girls at Lowell
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Regional Specialization
EAST ? Industrial SOUTH ? Cotton Slavery WEST
? The Nations Breadbasket
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American Population Centers in 1820
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American Population Centers in 1860
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National Origin of Immigrants1820 - 1860
Why now?
1840s potato famine 2 million died. Stayed on
seacoast, too poor to move.
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Know-Nothing Party The Supreme Order of the
Star-Spangled Banner
Nativist party wanting immigration restrictions
and naturalization laws strengthened. Catholics
could not hold office, literacy tests to
vote. Became American Party
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Changing Occupation Distributions1820 - 1860
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Chapter 14 Assignment

• Due AT END OF CLASS!
• You may work with ONE person.
• Counts as a homework grade
• For the following assignment please focus on the
  EFFECTS of the innovations and progress of the
  time period relative to long-term effects and
  SIGNIFICANCE.

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ACROSTIC

• Using the term market revolution create an
  acrostic.
• Each letter should represent a SIGNIFICANT idea
  of EFFECT from the time period
• Each letter should be a single word.
• Each word should reflect careful thought NOT M
  mechanization (too easy!)
• Each word should have a small picture next to it.
• Please complete the assignment on the paper
  provided.