CHAPTER 12 BRIEF HISTORY OF AFRICA

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CHAPTER 12BRIEF HISTORY OF AFRICA

• Bantu Migration-spread of Bantu language west to
  central and southern Africa
• Trade Salt for Gold
• Spread of Islam and Arabic
• Slavery
• Colonialization
• Issues Today

Yes, Neumo did this one surprised?
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Bantu Migration
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Bantus

• When Bantu-speaking farmers migrated, Bantu
  languages spread throughout much of central and
  southern Africa
• You can still hear the languages spoken today
• Swahili is a form of Bantu and Arabicmostly
  spoken in Eastern Africa

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Bantus

• The ancient Bantu peoples lived in Sub-Saharan
  Africa.
• Sub-Saharan means South of the Sahara Desert
• When they began to migrate and trade with central
  and south Africa, their knowledge of iron making,
  religious practices, and language spread

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Bantu Languages
Southern Zulu, Swazi, Xhosa, Tswana, Basuto, Venda, Ndebele or Matabele, Pondo, Pedi
Central Shono, Bemba, Lozi
Eastern The Baganda, the Basoga, the Banyoro, the Batoro, and the Banyankole in Uganda. The Kikuyu, Luhya, Akamba, Meru, Embu, Taita, Giryama, Digo, Pokomo in Kenya Nyamwezi, Chagga, Yao,  Segeju, Zaramo in Tanzania,
Ancestors of the Bantus make up 2/3 of todays
African population. They inhabit the Southern
and Eastern part of the continent.
The Bantus are known for being more of a language
group rather than a distinct ethnic group. The
most widely spoken Bantu language is Swahili.
This is spoken by 50 million Africans in Eastern
Africa.
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Salt for Gold
TRADE
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Salt for Gold
NORTH
WEST

• The build up of the trans-Saharan trade routes
  developed because of the availability of the
  camel and the need to trade salt for gold.

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West Africa had the GoldNorth Africa had the Salt

• Around the time that East and North African
  city-states were developing, great trading areas
  arose on the west side of the continent.
• Trade routes were developed across the Sahara
  desert trading salt for gold.
• With the trade, came the diffusion of religion
  and language

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Salt for Gold

• Tombuctu, Mali, becomes a major trading city. It
  is on the edge of the Sahara and the Sahel.
  Crossroads of the caravans
• Northern traders spread the religion of Islam and
  the Arabic language along their routes

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West Coast had more than gold, also
ivory, spices, and slaves
Caravan crossing Ahaggar Mts-central Sahara
Caravan Crossing More Sahara Desert
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Salt for Gold

• City-statesa city that has its own traditions,
  government and laws. It is both a city and
  country. The city controls much of the
  surrounding land.
• Trans-Sahara routeTrans means across,
  Saharaplace, route
• Diffusionspreading, mixing of cultures

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COLONIALIZATION OF AFRICA
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African Trade 15c-17c
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Pre-19c European Trade with Africa
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Colonialism

• Top 3 reasons for Europe coming and taking over
  Africa
• 1. Industrial Revolution--resources
• 2. Nationalismwho has power
• 3. Spread Christianity
• Western Hemisphere controlled by the USA

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2
EuropeanNationalism
Source for Raw Materials
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MissionaryActivity
Industrial Revolution
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European Motives For Colonization
Markets forFinishedGoods
Military NavalBases
Places toDumpUnwanted/Excess Popul.
EuropeanRacism
HumanitarianReasons
Soc. Eco.Opportunities
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European Explorations in mid-19cThe Scramble
for Africa
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1. Where Is Dr. Livingstone?
DoctorLivingstone,I Presume?
Sir Henry Morton Stanley
Dr. David Livingstone
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2. What is the Source of the Nile?
Sir Richard Burton
John Speke
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Africa 1890
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Africa in 1914
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European Claims 1914
The artificial boundaries created by the
Europeans had the effect of bringing together
many different ethnic people within a nation,
that did not reflect nor have the ability to
accommodate or provide for, the cultural and
ethnic diversity.
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Berlin Conference of 1884-1885
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Scramble for Africa

• Also known as the Race for Africa
• All of this territory claiming by European
  nations caused a competitive rush for territory
  in Africa
• As a result, Germany initiated a conference in
  1884 for European nations to regulate the rush
  for territory

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When the European Colonialists came, they had the
Bible, we had the land. They said, Lets close
our eyes and Pray. When we opened our eyes, we
had the Bible, and they had the land. Randall
Robinson
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The Atlantic Slave Trade
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The Atlantic Slave Trade

• Before the 1500s, slavery was common in some
  parts of Africa.
• Then the European powers began to establish
  colonies in the Western HemisphereNorth,
  Central, South America
• The Europeans practiced a different type of
  slaveryyou couldnt buy your way out or win your
  way out
• European settlers in the Americas needed workers
  for their mines and plantations. The settlers
  know Africans were skilled farmers, miners, and
  metal workers.
• By the 1600s, The slave trade evolved out or
  traders exchanging goods

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Triangle Trade
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Slave ships were packed head to toe Many did not
make the trip.
Africans transporting Africans
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The Atlantic Slave Trade

• Some African nations refused to take part
• Some sold people they captured during battles or
  kidnapping
• Some Africans grew wealthy from the slave trade

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The Atlantic Slave Trade

• Overall, the slave trade was a disaster for
  Africa
• West Africa especiallylost much of its
  population
• Robbed of skilled workers, and with many families
  torn apart, many African societies broke down
• When the slave trade ended, natural resources
  were raided

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Slavery Still Exists Today

• Slavery in Africa continues today. Slavery
  existed in Africa before the arrival of Europeans
  - as did a slave trade that exported millions of
  sub-Saharan Africans to North Africa, the Middle
  East, and the Persian Gulf.

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Sudanboys waiting to be bought back
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INDEPENDENCE FOR AFRICAN COUNTRIES
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2 Countries Remained

• Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent during
  colonization
• Liberiaset up by former American Slaves

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Ethiopia

• Ethiopia was able to resist attempts of
  colonization by the British and particularly by
  the Italians. Italy was able to colonize a part
  of ancient Ethiopia, the area along the Red Sea.
  This was the colony and now the independent
  country of Eritrea.
• Ethiopians won a decisive victory over Italy at
  the Battle of Adowa. 4,000 Italian soldiers were
  killed.

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South Africa

• The Zulus showed strong resistance to the British
  under the leadership of King Cetshwayo at
  Isandhlawana. They defeated a force of 8,000
  European soldiers, killing 1,600. This was the
  single greatest defeat suffered by the British in
  their colonial endeavors in Africa and Asia.

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Independence

• WWII would inspire many people throughout Africa
  to seek freedom for their own countries.
• African colonies played a major role during the
  war. African soldiers fought and died to help
  free Europe from Nazi conquest.
• We have been told what we fought for. That is
  FREEDOM.

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Issues Today
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Notice the Years ofIndependence

• African Countries are young!
• Not Use to governing themselves.
• Left in economic shambles
• Different ways to become IndependentConflict/Peac
  e
• Some European powers fought to keep, some did not

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Many new governments unstable

• New leaders spent years working for independence.
• The old colonial powers did little to prepare new
  leadership
• As a result, many new governments in Africa were
  unstable
• Many governments looked to the US and USSR for
  stability
• Many governments have been a constant turnover of
  dictators

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What is a Conflict Diamond? Conflict diamonds are
diamonds that originate from areas controlled by
forces or factions opposed to legitimate and
internationally recognized governments, and are
used to fund military action in opposition to
those governments, or in contravention of the
decisions of the Security Council.
Legitimate diamonds lead to peace and economic
development Conflict diamonds finance illegal
armies and sufferings
Controls on conflict diamonds cut off sources of funding for rebels, help shorten wars and prevent their recurrence. Peace in diamond producing regions will bring about the potential for economic development and tax revenue for building infrastructure as legitimate mining ventures increase.
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Diseases

• HIV/AIDS is a leading cause of death in many
  areas of Africa
• Misinformation or no information doesnt help
• Lack of money for drugs or lack of drugs

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Somali Pirates
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Somalia

• No governmentanarchy
• War lords control areasneed money to stay in
  power
• Few paying legitimate jobs for people

Piracy off the Somali coast has been a threat to
international shipping since the beginning of the
Somali Civil War in the early 1990s.1 Since
2005, many international organizations, including
the International Maritime Organization and the
World Food Program, have expressed concern over
the rise in acts of piracy.2 Piracy has
contributed to an increase in shipping costs and
impeded the delivery of food aid shipments.
Ninety percent of the World Food Program's
shipments arrive by sea, and ships have required
a military escort.3 According to the Kenyan
foreign
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Combined Task Force 150 (CTF-150) is a
multinational coalition naval task force with
logistics facilities at Djibouti established to
monitor, inspect, board, and stop suspect
shipping to pursue the War on Terrorism and in
the Horn of Africa region (HOA) (includes
operations in the North Arabia Sea to support
Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), and operations in
the Indian Ocean) to support Operation Enduring
Freedom - Horn of Africa (OEF-HOA). These
activities are referred to as Maritime Security
Operations
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Darfur--Sudan

• The Darfur Conflict began in Darfur, Sudan, in
  February 2003 when the Sudan Liberation Army
  (SLA) and Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) in
  Darfur took up arms, accusing the government of
  oppressing black Africans in favor of Arabs.
  There are various estimates on the number of
  human casualties. One side was composed mainly of
  the Sudanese military and the Janjaweed, a
  Sudanese militia group recruited mostly from the
  Afro-Arab Abbala tribes of the northern Rizeigat
  region in Sudan! These tribes are mainly
  camel-herding nomads. The other side was made up
  of rebel groups, notably the Sudan Liberation
  Movement/Army and the Justice and Equality
  Movement, recruited primarily from the non-Arab
  muslim Fur, Zaghawa, and Masalit ethnic groups.
  The Sudanese government, while publicly denying
  that it supports the Janjaweed, is accused of
  providing financial assistance to the militia,
  and of participating in joint attacks targeting
  civilians.
• The Sudanese government has been accused of
  tampering with evidence, such as attempting to
  cover up mass graves. They also arrested and
  harassed journalists, thus limiting the extent of
  press coverage of the situation in Darfur.
• While the United States government has described
  the conflict as genocide, the UN has not
  recognized the conflict as such.

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Refugee Camp in Chad Refugees fleeing conflicts
from all over Africa cause problems all their own
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In Eritrea, a Russian-made rocket launcher fires
into Ethiopia from the southern border town of
Serha in June 1998. Optimism was high after
Eritrea secured its independence from Ethiopia in
1993 without a shot fired. Then, five years
later, war broke out. The border conflict with
Ethiopia cost the lives of thousands and
destroyed the Eritrean economy.
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Daniel, an 11-year-old street child, stands in
the remains of a market in Burundi. In the same
week that this photo was taken, a bomb killed
five people and injured several more in a
terrorist attack on another small market in town.
Since 1993, civil war and ethnic violence between
Hutus and Tutsis have led to the deaths of nearly
250,000 Burundians. The most recent attempt at
peace - August 2000 -- failed when two main Hutu
groups refused to join the pact between the
government and various warring factions.
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Years of civil war and conflict have left parts
of Africa virtual dumping grounds for deadly
antipersonnel mines. Angola, Mozambique, and
Somalia are some of the most heavily mined places
on earth. While the UN and various
non-governmental organizations have had some
success in removing mines, the human price
remains heavy. In Mozambique, nearly 10,000
people -- mostly civilians -- are estimated to
have been killed or maimed by land mines since
the 1992 peace accord that ended 20 years of
civil war. Here, a UN worker tries to locate a
landmine not far from Kenya's border with
war-torn Sudan.
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CHILD SOLDIERSTaken from homes by force "They
have the dull, emotionless look of people who
have seen some hideous things," commented BBC
correspondent Mathew Price when he interviewed
child soldiers in Sierra Leone recently. Many
children are abducted by rebel groups and given
drugs that enhance their fighting. Others are
"recruited" to fight for the government. There
are no clear estimates of how many children fight
in Africa's wars. In Sudan, more than 10,000
children are believed to be fighting for both the
Islamic government in the north and Christian and
animist rebels in the south.
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American dollars are welcome in this Mogadishu
shop, but weapons, cigarettes and khat,a local
narcotic, are forbidden. Fighting back against
armed gunmen, shopkeepers and business people in
the center of Somalia's capital paint murals on
their buildings to establish the rules for
acceptable conduct. Since 1991, Somalia has been
essentially ruled by rival warlords supported by
heavily armed militias. There is no officially
recognized government. Fighting and the inability
to deal with famine and disease have led to the
death of up to 1 million Somalians.
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Nowhere in Africa has ethnic genocide taken a
more brutal toll than Rwanda. When Hutu
extremists went on a killing spree in 1994 that
exterminated more than 500,000 Tutsis, Emanual
Murangira, pictured here, was shot in the head in
Murumbi and left for dead. To save his life, he
walked 50 miles to escape into neighboring
Burundi. His forehead still bears traces of the
bullet wound. Today, Emanual is a guard at a
memorial to the Murumbi genocide that displays
the remains of the victims.
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In southern Sudan, child slaves wait for
Christian Solidarity International to buy their
freedom from Muslim slave masters. The price?
Twenty-five dollars per slave. These boys, ethnic
Dinkas, live in the mostly Christian and animist
south, a rebel territory that Sudan's Islamic
government wants to occupy. The war has dragged
on since 1976, causing the deaths of millions and
the displacement of even more.
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In Freetown, three of Africa's former military
rulers stare down on passers-by Ghana's Jerry
Rawlings, Sierra Leone's Captain Valentine
Strasser and Nigeria's Ibrahim Babangida. In the
turbulent post-independence period of the 1970s
and 1980s, military leaders seemed an inevitable
fixture of African politics. Today, none of these
three strongmen remain in power, and democratic
governments have replaced dictatorships across
the continent, fueling hopes for an era of
African peace and prosperity.
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Oblivious of an Indian and Nigerian-manned UN
checkpoint, a woman walks along a street in
Freetown, the capital of West Africa's Sierra
Leone, where a war over diamond mines has raged
since 1991. In many African countries, UN
peacekeepers have become an ever-present force.
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Voting Lines. South Africa Some stood for hours
to vote for the first time!
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• Nearly a billion people entered the 21st century
  unable to read a book or sign their names.
• If the world spent less than one percent of what
  it spends every year on weapons, in education,
  every child could go to school