Industrial Revolution

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The Industrial Revolution
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Forces of Change

• Social
• Population Revolution-
• Growing use of potato leads to better nutrition,
  which reduced death rate, and thus increased
  birth rate
• Population pressure pushes a lot of people into
  the working class (motive for protest)
• Proto-industrialization full or part-time
  industrial workers working from home, but in a
  capitalist system (putting out system)
• Defiance of authority by youth, population
  upheaval and the spread of a property-less class
  fuels rebellion

3
Industrialization-1850s

• Railroads and canals link cities across Europe
  encouraging industrialization
• Urbanization continues
• Sanitation improves
• Death rates fall below birth rates.
• More efficient police forces

4
Industrialization-1850s

• 2/3 Europeans lived above the subsistence level
• Germ-Theory discovery by Louis Pasteur in 1880s.
• Corporations in Europe doubled between 1860-1873
• Labor movements take shape amongst urban
  industrial workers

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Industrial England "Workshop of the World"
That Nation of Shopkeepers!
-- Napoleon Bonaparte
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Early Canals
Britains Earliest Transportation Infrastructure
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Metals, Woolens, Canals
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Mine Forge 1840-1880

• More powerful than water is coal.
• More powerful than wood is iron.
• Innovations make steel feasible.
• Bessemer process 1856 strong, flexible steel.

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Coalfields Industrial Areas
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Coal Mining in Britain1800-1914
1800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners
1850 30 tons 200, 000 miners
1880 300 million tons 500, 000 miners
1914 250 million tons 1, 200, 000 miners
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Young Coal Miners
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Child Labor in the Mines
Child hurriers
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Richard ArkwrightPioneer of the Factory System
The Water Frame
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Factory Production

• Concentrates production in oneplace materials,
  labor.
• Located near sources of power rather than labor
  or markets.
• Requires a lot of capital investmentfactory,
  machines, etc. morethan skilled labor.
• Only 10 of English industry in 1850.

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Textile FactoryWorkers in England
1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers
1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers
1850 224, 000 looms gt1 million workers
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The Factory System

• Rigid schedule.
• 12-14 hour day.
• Dangerous conditions.
• Mind-numbing monotony.

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Textile FactoryWorkers in England
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Young Bobbin-Doffers
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Jacquards Loom
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New Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
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John Kays Flying Shuttle
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The Power Loom
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James Watts Steam Engine
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Steam Tractor
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Steam Ship
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An Early Steam Locomotive
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Later Locomotives
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The Impact of the Railroad
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The Great Land Serpent
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Crystal Palace Exhibition 1851
Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.
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Crystal Palace Interior Exhibits
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Crystal PalaceBritish Ingenuity on Display
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Crystal PalaceAmerican Pavilion
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The "Haves" Bourgeois Life Thrived on the
Luxuries of the Industrial Revolution
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19c Bourgeoisie The Industrial Nouveau Riche
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Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie
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Stereotype of the Factory Owner
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Upstairs/Downstairs Life
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The "Have-Nots" The Poor, The Over-Worked, the
Destitute
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Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Age of Worker Male Wages Female Wages
under 11 2s 3d. 2s. 4d.
11 - 16 4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.
17 - 21 10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.
22 - 26 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.
27 - 31 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.
32 - 36 22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.
37 - 41 21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.
42 - 46 20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.
47 - 51 16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.
52 - 56 16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.
57 - 61 13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.
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Industrial Staffordshire
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Problems of Polution
The Silent Highwayman - 1858
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The New Industrial City
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Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore
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Worker Housing in Manchester
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Factory Workers at Home
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Workers Housing in Newcastle Today
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The Life of the New Urban Poor A Dickensian
Nightmare!
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Private Charities Soup Kitchens
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Protests / Reformers
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The Socialists Utopians Marxists

• People as a society would operate and own
  themeans of production, not individuals.
• Their goal was a society that benefited
  everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.
• Proletariat (working class) vs. Bourgeoisie
  (upper class)

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Socialism

• Growth of socialism came about as a result of the
  grievances by the working class
• Redefinition of Karl Marxs theories
• History is shaped by the availability of the
  means of production, and who owned them.
• Class struggle always pitted a group out of power
  with the group controlling the means of
  production.

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Socialism

• Identified Capitalisms evil
• Told workers that their low wages were unjust
• Revolution is inevitable-and necessary!
• Germany takes the Socialist lead!
• Bismarck extends the vote throughout the 1870s
  and 1880s
• Socialist political parties capture the angst of
  the workers.
• Western society feared socialism (red scare)

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Thomas Malthus

• Population growth willoutpace the food supply.
• War, disease, or faminecould control
  population.
• The poor should have less children.
• Food supply will then keep up with population.

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The UtilitariansJeremy Bentham John Stuart
Mill

• The goal of society is the greatest good for the
  greatest number.
• There is a role to play for government
  intervention to provide some social safetynet.

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Br. Govt. Response
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Government Response

• Abolition of slavery in the coloniesin 1832 to
  raise wages in Britain.
• Sadler Commission to look intoworking conditions
• Factory Act 1833 child labor.
• New Poor Law 1834 indoor relief.
• Poor houses.

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The Results of Industrialization at the end of
the 19c
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By 1850 Zones of Industrializationon the
European Continent

• Northeast France.
• Belgium.
• The Netherlands.
• Western German states.
• Northern Italy
• East Germany ? Saxony

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Industrialization By 1850
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Railroads on the Continent
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Share in World Manufacturing Output 1750-1900
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The Politics of Industrialization

• State ownership of some industries.
• RRs ? Belgium most of Germany.
• Companies required to register with the
  government publish annual budgets.
• New legislation to
• Establish limited liability.
• Create rules for the formation of corporations.
• Postal system.
• Free trade zones

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Feminism

• By 1900, many feminist movements were active
• Sought equal access to jobs, equal pay, higher
  education, rights to vote (suffrage).
• Lots of support among middle class women
  (especially as family size declines)

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Western Mass-Culture

• Middle class becomes more concerned with leisure
  as wages improve
• Factories produce goods at such a rate that they
  must encourage mass consumption

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Western Mass-Culture

• Mass Leisure culture
• Popular newspapers
• Shock and entertainment more than appeal to
  reason
• Popular theater
• Comedy routines and musical revues
• Vacations (seaside resorts)
• Sports (Olympic games are reintroduced in 1896)
• Growing secularism

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Science

• Charles Darwin in The Origin of the Species
  (1859) argues that all living species had evolved
  to its current form through the ability to adapt
  in a struggle for survival.
• Survival of the fittest
• Clashed with traditional Christian beliefs
• Albert Einstein builds on Newtons theories of
  Relativity.
• Sigmund Freud argues that the human subconscious
  can be understood through rational discussion

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Art

• A sense of realism overtakes the artistic
  movements of the early 1800s
• Charles Dickens portrays human problems trying to
  enact reform
• Building on scientific findings, Georges Seurat
  adopts pointillism based on research on how color
  interacts with our eyes
• Romanticism emotion and impression, not reason
  and generalization were the keys to human nature

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Art Romanticism

• Portray passion, madnessnot calm reflection
• Move readers to tears, not debate
• Painters saw empathy with natures beauties.
• Post-Romanticism (after 1850) sought to
  deliberately violate traditional western
  standards
• Poetry didnt need to rhyme
• Drama didnt always have plot
• Painting was more evocative

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Gericault The Raft of the Medusa
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Turner, Rain, Steam, and Speed
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Seurat
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Daumier Third Class Carriage
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Monet (impressionism)
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Renoir
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The Eiffel Tower
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Western Settler Societies

• Western powers pouring out tons of factory made
  goods needed new markets for sales, and raw
  materials.
• Industrialization spurred western-led world
  economy, and the wests military superiority.
• Steamships bring guns to more places
• Machine gun

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The US Civil War

• 1861-1865
• Industrial North vs. Agricultural slaveholding
  South.
• The south tried secession, and the north opposes,
  favoring national unity and an end to slavery
• Accelerated industrialization for the war effort.
• America becomes a major competitor worldwide
  after the civil war
• America was not a large contributor towards art,
  music, science, culture until after WWI

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Bibliographic Sources

• Images of the Industrial Revolution.Mt.
  Holyoke College. http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/
  rschwart/ind_rev/images/images-ind-era.html
• The Peel Web A Web of English
  History.http//dspace.dial.pipex.com/mbloy/c-eig
  ht/primary.htm
• Adas, M., Gilbert, M.J., Schwartz, S.B.,
  Stearns, P.N. (2007). World civilizations The
  global experience. (5th ed.). New York Pearson
  Education.
• Neater, B. (2009). www.bneater.com
• Susan Pojer, Horace Greeley High School,
  www.powerpointpalooza.net