Late 19c Urbanization

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Urbanization As Seen Through Late 19c - Early
20c Architecture
By Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS
Chappaqua, NY
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Characteristics of UrbanizationDuring the Gilded
Age

1. Megalopolis.
2. Mass Transit.
3. Magnet for economic and social opportunities.
4. Pronounced class distinctions. - Inner
   outer core
5. New frontier of opportunity for women.
6. Squalid living conditions for many.
7. Political machines.
8. Ethnic neighborhoods.

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NewUse ofSpace
NewClassDiversity
NewArchitectural Style
New Energy
NewSymbols ofChange Progress
The City as a New Frontier?
New Culture(Melting Pot)
Make a NewStart
New Form ofClassic RuggedIndividualism
New Levels of Crime, Violence, Corruption
4
Population ShiftUrbanization

• By 1900, the population of the United States was
  80 million people. It was 40 million in 1870.
  So it doubled.
• However, the population in the cities tripled
  during this same time period. 40 of all
  Americans lived in cities, a stark difference
  from the beginning of the 19th century, when less
  than 10 of the population lived in cities.
• Chicago, New York, and Philadelphia all boasted
  more than a million people and New York, with 3.5
  million people, was the second largest city in
  the world (behind London)

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CHICAGO "The Windy City"
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William Le Baron Jenney

• 1832 1907
• Father of the ModernSkyscraper
• First Skyscraper was 10 stories and once
  elevators were perfected, cities such as New york
  and Chicago built to the sky.

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W. Le Baron Jenney CentralY.M.C.A., Chicago,
1891
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Louis Sullivan

• 1856 1924
• The ChicagoSchool ofArchitecture
• Form followsfunction!

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Louis Sullivan Bayard Bldg., NYC,
1897
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Louis Sullivan Carson, Pirie, Scott Dept.
Store, Chicago, 1899
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D. H. Burnham

• 1846 1912
• Use of steelas a superstructure.

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D. H. Burnham Marshall Fields Dept. Store, 1902
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A City of Commuters

• As cities grew, the need for good mass transit
  became apparent
• Electric Trolley
• Elevated trains
• Subway systems
• As a result, cities also grew outward at the same
  time they grew upward.
• Cities became a megalopolis, carved into
  different districts for business, industry, an
  residential neighborhoods-which were segregated
  by race, class, and ethnicity

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Big City Lights

• Industrial jobs drew people to the city, but
  cities and the lifestyle also drew people in
• Late night glitter of social life
• Modern amenities such as the telephone,
  plumbing, and electricity.
• Engineering marvels such as the skyscrapers of
  New York and Chicago were awe-inspiring, as well
  as the Brooklyn Bridge.
• Department stores such as Macys and Marshall
  Fields provided jobs for women and also was
  characteristic of the consumer economy.

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Waste Management

• However, cities also came with new problems. In
  rural America, many things were recycled and most
  homes produced minimal waste.
• However, big cities were bastions of waste and
  garbage. Mass consumption of food and cloths
  meant increased waste.
• Also, cities grew up too fast and poor urban
  planning meant that many lived in very unsanitary
  conditions
• Sanitary facilities were lacking and could not
  keep up with the pace of population
• Impure water
• Uncollected garbage
• Unwashed bodies
• Droppings from draft animals
• Slums increased and were the embodiment of
  unsanitary conditions (dumbbell tenements and
  flophouses)

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New Immigration

• Old Immigration
• Ireland, Germany, Britain, Scandinavia (mostly
  Western Europe and the British Isles)
• Many shared similar values that were easily
  integrated into American life. Major difference
  was the roman Catholic Irish and Germans
• High rates of literacy and also some forms of
  representative democracy from their homelands.

17
New Immigration

• New Immigration starting in 1880 was much
  different.
• New Immigrants were
• Poles, Lithuanians, Croats, Slovaks, Greeks,
  Jews, and Italians
• Came from countries with little history of
  representative government
• Many were orthodox Christians and Jewish
• Largely illiterate and poor
• Sought industrial jobs and packed into the
  cities.
• In 1880, they were 19 of all immigrants, by the
  first decade of the 20th century, they were 66
• Cities such New York and Chicago grew in size as
  these new immigrants came to America

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New Immigration

• Why did they come?
• Europe had become overcrowded as population
  exploded due to plentiful supply of food from
  their own farms and also America.
• Industrialization and urbanization in Europe
  created a vast pool of unemployed people
• Europeans flooded their cities, but some moved on
  and abandoned the Old World to make life
  elsewhere. In total, some 30 million Europeans
  moved to the United States.
• So, in reality, American urbanization and
  immigration was in many ways a by-product of
  European urbanization.

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New Immigration

• Why America?
• Land of opportunity and abundance.
• Plenty of food, comforts, and a perception that
  anyone can make it in America.
• Also, American businesses need more people to
  maximize profits
• Industrialists wanted low- wage labor
• Railroads needed buyers of their land
• States wanted more population
• Steamships needed human cargo to make a profit.
• Some also came due to prosecution and programs
  against them in their own country. Such as
  Russian-Jews
• Jewish Pogrom was instituted and many were
  chased from their homes and made their way to
  Atlantic seaboard, especially New York
• However, many returned home. Some 25 returned
  after making a living in America.

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Transition to America

• Generally speaking, the government did little to
  aid or help the new arrivals or to assist them in
  assimilating to American culture.
• Consequently, the political machines in large
  cities, such as Boss Tweeds Tammany Hall, helped
  these new immigrants, in exchange for votes of
  course.
• Gave jobs or services
• Found housing
• Helped poor with gifts of clothing and food
• Helped when in trouble with the law
• Helped get schools, parks, and hospitals built in
  immigrant neighbor hoods

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Jane Addams

• Social Gospel
• Championed by preachers such as Walter
  Rauschenbusch and Washington Gladden
• They preached that socialism was the logical
  outcome of Christianity and were part of the
  movement known as Christian socialists, which had
  some appeal amongst the middle Class
• Jane Addams-
• Born into a wealthy family and part of the first
  generation of college-educated women, she
  purchased in Chicago, the Hull House.

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Jane Addams

• Located in immigrant neighborhood of poor Greeks,
  Italians, Russians, and Germans, Hull House
  offered
• Instruction in English
• Help in adjusting to American big-city life
• Child-care services for mothers
• And cultural activities
• Jane Addams was a wide range reformer and
  received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1831. In
  particularly, condemned war and poverty.

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Other reformers

• Other settlement houses were established in other
  big cities and became centers for social reform
  and activism.
• Hull House lobbied for ant-sweatshop law that
  protected women and prohibited child labor (led
  in this case by Florence Kelly, an advocate for
  the welfare of women, children, blacks, and
  consumers)
• Lillian Wald established Henry Street Settlement
  in New York.
• Work of Addams, Wald, and Kelly helped create the
  idea of the profession of Social Work.

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Women and Jobs

• More than one million joined work force in 1890s
• Mostly single, because it was considered taboo
  for wives and mothers to work.
• Jobs depended on race, class, and ethnicity
• Black women- domestic jobs
• Native born white women- social workers,
  secretaries, department store clerks, and
  telephone operators
• Immigrant women- tended to cluster into certain
  industries, such as garment making for Jewish
  women.

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Anti-foreignism

• As the nativism was popular in the 40s and 50s
  with the arrival of Germans and Irish, the same
  thing happened beginning in the 1880s with the
  New Immigrants
• Eastern and southern Europeans were looked upon
  as an exotic horde who were invading the United
  States and would eventually, with their large
  families, outnumber the Anglo-Saxons.
• Other fears and worries
• Blamed new immigrants for the degradation of city
  governments in big cities
• Trade unions despised them because they were
  often strike breakers and also worked for
  starvation wages
• Feared them for their political views on
  socialism , communism, and anarchism.

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Anti-foreignism

• APA
• American Protective Association
• Similar to the Know-Nothing Party
• Urged voting against Roman Catholic candidates
• In 1887, had million members
• Restrictive laws
• 1882- banned criminals and convicts
• 1885- banned importation of immigrants already
  under contract
• 1917-literacy test
• Later laws prohibited insane, polygamists,
  prostitutes, alcoholics, anarchists, and diseased
  people

Statue of Liberty, a gift from France, was
erected in 1886. -Give me your tired, your
poor Your huddled masses yearning to Breathe
free The wretched refuse of your teeming shore
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Church Reform

• In some large cities, the Church and its members
  became more concerned with materialism than
  religion. Churches became a symbol of ones
  wealth and with the gospel of wealth preaching
  that God caused the righteous to prosper, many
  looked to make reforms in the Protestant church
• Hence, liberal Protestants, called for modest
  moral reforms
• Rejected biblical literalism and rejected idea of
  original sin
• Active in the social gospel movement
• Sought to mediate between labor and capital,
  science and faith, religious and secular values.
  
• Helped protestants reconcile their religious
  faith with the modern, cosmopolitan way of
  thinking

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New religions

• First, Roman Catholics by 1900 had 9 million
  adherents and was the largest denomination
• By 1890, Americans could choose between 150
  different denominations, and two new ones
• Salvation Army
• Church of Christian Science
• Led by Mary Eddy Baker
• Taught relief from discords and diseases through
  prayer.
• Wrote Science and Health with Key to the
  Scriptures (1875)
• YMCA and YWCA also became popluar at this time

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Darwin and the Church

• Darwins theory of evolution, and in particular,
  the idea of natural selection challenged the
  church.
• Especially the idea of dogma of special
  creations was challenged. Darwins theory
  greatly questioned Gods role in making humans
  special.
• Churchs response
• At first, simply rejected idea
• But later, split into two camps (conservative and
  accomadationists)
• Conservatives frankly dismissed Darwin
• Accomadationists reconciled science and religion
  by stating evolution was simply a higher
  revelation of the ways of God

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School Reform

• Many started to understand that without free
  education, the government would suffer under
  peoples ignorance. Thus, it was a public good
  and beneficial for society to have compulsory
  schooling.
• During 1880s and 1890s, not only elementary
  schools grew, but the High School became more
  important
• Also, teacher training schools grew in size and
  importance and the idea of kindergarten took root
  in America
• Success of schools can be seen in falling
  illiterate rates
• 1870 20 percent
• 1900 10.7 percent

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Black Activists

• Booker T. Washington
• Champion of black education in 1900, 44 percent
  of non-whites were illiterate
• Headed the Tuskegee institute in Alabama
• Known as an accomadationist, he did not directly
  challenge white supremacy, he avoided the issue
  of social equality
• He accepted segregation as long as the right to
  develop and improve existed the economic and
  educational resources of the black community
• Believed that economic independence would be the
  ticket to black political and civil rights
• George Washington Carver taught at Tuskegee,
  known for his achievements in creating new uses
  for the peanut, soy bean, and sweet potato.

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Black Activists

• W.E.B. Dubois
• Challenged Booker T. Washington and his view on
  segregation. Believed that Bookers approach
  would result in blacks never finding jobs more
  than manual labor and in a state of perpetual
  inferiority
• Earned P.H.D at Harvard
• Demanded complete equality for blacks, both
  economic and political and founded the NAACP
  (National Association for the Advancement of
  Colored People)
• Rejecting Washingtons approach of gradual
  integration, he demanded the most talented 10th
  percent of the black community be given immediate
  equality
• Self-exiled to Africa, he died there in 1963.

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Land-Grant Universities and Research Colleges

• As public schools increased, so did colleges
• More opportunities for women and blacks
• By 1880, a third of all college graduates were
  women
• Black universities set up during Reconstruction
  were flourishing, such as Howard University
  (D.C.), Hampton Institute (Virginia), and Atlanta
  University
• Growth of colleges attributed to the Morrill Act
  of 1862
• Provided a grant of public lands to states to
  support higher education
• Many state universities formed out of these
  grants
• Hatch Act of 1887 extended Morrill Act, but also
  provided federal funds for the establishment of
  agricultural schools in connection with
  land-grants
• Both acts helped create hundreds of universites

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Private Universities

• In addition to the state public universities,
  many of the new millionaires supported the
  creation of private universities
• From 1878-1898, philanthropists gave away 150
  million towards private schools
• Cornell University, Stanford and University of
  Chicago (Rockefeller) all started at this time
• Also, research/graduate schools opened up, which
  Johns Hopkins was the most noteworthy. This
  meant that Americans no longer had to go abroad
  to receive graduate or doctorate degrees.

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Libraries

• By 1900, there were 9,000 libraries in the U.S.
• In 1897, the Library of Congress opened its
  doors. It provided 13 acres of floor space and
  was the costliest building
• Andrew Carnegie contributed 60 million dollars to
  open libraries across America

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The Press

• Newspapers, being more commercialized, often
  toned down their scathing editorials to prevent
  antagonizing the advertisers
• Also, their was a rise in sensationalism.
• Stories of sex, scandal, and human-interest
  stories became more common and many complained
  that the press became presstitutes.
• Two tycoons emerged
• Joseph Pulitzer- New York World
• William Randolph Hearst- San Francisco Examiner
• Both considered not 100 wholesome, what sold is
  what was printed. Had a flair for scandal and
  sensational rumor.
• Yellow Journalism

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Reform Writers

• Henry George
• Wrote Progress and Poverty
• He argued that property values grew due to the
  increase in demand from growing populations.
• He rationalized that a 100 tax on profits from
  these lands could solve the issue of income
  distribution and poverty
• Propertied class rejected idea, but George sold 3
  million copies and lectured in U.S. and Britain
  on his idea

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Reform Writers

• Edward Bellamy
• Published socialistic novel Looking Backward in
  1888
• Hero falls asleep and awakens in the year 2000.
• America is a socialistic paradise in which big
  business is nationalized to serve the public
  interest
• Bellamy sold over a million copies and some
  Bellamy Clubs sprang up across America

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Literature

• As literacy increased, so did book reading.
• Dime novels- usually about the West
• King of dime novels was Harlan Halsey, who wrote
  650 novels, sometimes one in a day
• General Lewis Wallace
• Wrote Ben Hur- sold more 2 million copies. It
  was written to combat wave of skepticism due to
  Darwins theory

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Writers

• Horatio Alger- sold 100 million copies of
  juvenile fiction in which he gave moral lessons
• Walt Whitman- poet who wrote Leaves of Grass.
  Famous American poet
• Emily Dickinson- became known after her death in
  1886. Lived as a recluse and wrote thousand of
  short lyrics on paper.

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Realism

• Wiring style that reflected the materialism of
  the industrial age. People turned to the world
  around them to find their muse and wrote of the
  human struggle and comedy.
• Famous realism writers
• Kate Chopin-The Awakening- Spoke of feminist
  yearnings during the Gilded Age
• Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens)- gave us the term
  Gilded Age. Noted for his novels Tom Sawyer and
  Huck Finn. Noted for his gift of writing
  exclusively American novels in American dialect
  and describing frontier realism

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Realism

• William Dean Howells- editor in chief of Atlantic
  Monthly. Wrote about everyday people and
  controversial social themes. Rise of Silas
  Lapham and A Hazard of New Fortunes
• Stephen Crane- wrote about the dark underside of
  life in American urban and industrial cities.
  Maggie a girl of the Streets. Famous for Red
  Badge of Courage, story of a Civil war recruit.
• Henry James- novel Bostonians was one of the
  first to cover the burgeoning feminist movement.
  Wrote about women often and became known for his
  style called psychological realism

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Realism

• Jack London-
• Call of the Wild. Nature writer, but later moved
  to other genres.
• Frank Norris-
• Wrote about the railroads and their stranglehold
  on California ranchers in The Octopus. Later
  wrote The Pit, describing the making and breaking
  of speculators in the Chicago wheat exchange.
• Two black authors, Paul Laurence Dunbar and
  Charles Chestnutt-
• brought a black realism to the literary scene.
  Using black dialect and folklore in their
  writings, they described the richness of southern
  black culture.
• Theodore Dreiser
• Wrote Sister Carrie, story of a poor working girl
  in Chicago and New York

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New Morality

• Victoria Woodhull and her sister advocated for
  free love (not what you think) and feminism.
  They represented a shock to respectable society
  with their periodical Woodhull and Claflins
  Weekly.
• Anthony Comstock represented the pure-minded
  Americans and he spoke out against the immoral
  activities in society. He was a self-appointed
  defender of sexual purity- opposite of Woodhull
• New role of women threatened traditionalists, and
  Woodhulls ideas of divorce and more freedom for
  women was scary to many and seen as immoral.

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Feminism

• Charlotte Perkins Gilman
• Wrote Women and Economics in 1898
• Considered an important feminist book
• Called on women to abandon their dependent status
  and contribute to the community and society by
  more active role in the economy
• Rejected also the idea that women were physically
  inferior
• Feminists also continued to demand the right to
  vote. In 1890, the National American Woman
  Suffrage Association was formed. Two of the
  founders were legendary feminists Elisabeth Cady
  Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
• New feminists reformers also come to the
  forefront near the turn of the century. Amongst
  them, Carrie Chapman Catt played a significant
  role. In suffrage movement, she de-emphasized
  the moral right and stressed the benefit of
  giving mothers and wives the right to vote in the
  ever changing urban environment. Women needed to
  be advocates for their families and could do so
  by voting.

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Feminism

• New feminists reformers also come to the
  forefront near the turn of the century. Amongst
  them, Carrie Chapman Catt played a significant
  role. In suffrage movement, she de-emphasized
  the moral right and stressed the benefit of
  giving mothers and wives the right to vote in the
  ever changing urban environment. Women needed to
  be advocates for their families and could do so
  by voting.
• By attaching suffrage to traditional womens
  roles, their was much gain in the suiffrage
  movement.
• Wyoming was first state to give right to vote in
  1869 and other states granted some rights to
  property ownership and to vote by 1890

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American Artists

• James Whistler
• Portrait painter
• John Singer Sergeant
• Portrait painter self-exiled in England.

48
American Artists

• Mary Cassatt
• Exiled in Paris, was part of French impressionism
  movement.
• George Inness
• Landscape artist

49
American Artists

• Winslow Homer
• Known as one of Americas greatest painters.
• Known for his paintings of the ocean

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Frank Lloyd Wright

• 1869 1959
• Prairie HouseSchool of Architecture
• OrganicArchitecture
• Function follows form!

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Frank Lloyd WrightAllen-Lamb House, 1915
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Frank Lloyd WrightHollyhock House Los
Angeles, 1917
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Frank Lloyd WrightFalling Waters, 1936
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Interior of Falling Waters
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F. L. Wright Furniture
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F. L. Wright Glass Screens
Prairie wheat patterns.
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Frank Lloyd WrightSusan Lawrence Dana House,
Springfield, IL - 1902
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Frank Lloyd WrightJohnson Wax Bldg. Racine,
WI, 1936
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Frank Lloyd WrightGuggenheim Museum, NYC - 1959
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NEW YORK CITY "Gotham"
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New York City Architectural Style1870s-1910s

1. The style was less innovative thanin Chicago.
2. NYC was the source of the capital for Chicago.
3. Most major business firms had their headquarters
   in NYC ? their bldgs. became logos for their
   companies.
4. NYC buildings and skyscrapers were taller than in
   Chicago.

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Western Union Bldg,. NYC - 1875
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ManhattanLifeInsurance Bldg.NYC - 1893
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SingerBuilding NYC - 1902
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Woolworth Bldg.NYC - 1911
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FlatironBuilding NYC 1902 D. H. Burnham
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Grand Central Station, 1913
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John A. RoeblingThe Brooklyn Bridge, 1883
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John A. RoeblingThe Brooklyn Bridge, 1913
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Statue of Liberty, 1876(Frederic Auguste
Bartholdi)
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Dumbell Tenement
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Dumbell Tenement, NYC
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Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lived(1890)
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Tenement Slum Living
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Lodgers Huddled Together
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Tenement Slum Living
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Struggling Immigrant Families
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Mulberry Street Little Italy
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St. Patricks Cathedral
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Hester Street Jewish Section
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1900RoshHashanahGreetingCard
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Pell St. - Chinatown, NYC
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Urban Growth 1870 - 1900