America

1
America Becomes a Colonial Power
2
Essential Question Why did America join the
imperialist club at the end of the 19c?
3
1. Commercial/Business Interests
U. S. Foreign Investments 1869-1908
4
1. Commercial/Business Interests
American Foreign Trade1870-1914
5
2. Military/Strategic Interests
Alfred T. Mahan ? The Influence of Sea Power on
History 1660-1783
6
3. Social Darwinist Thinking
The White MansBurden
The Hierarchyof Race
7
4. Religious/Missionary Interests
American Missionariesin China, 1905
8
5. Closing the American Frontier
9
What Changed?

• After the Civil War, the United States was more
  consumed with reconstruction, western expansion,
  industrialization, and improving cities.
  Americans looked at domestic affairs and for the
  most part ignored international affairs.
• However, as the 19th century closed, their was a
  momentous shift towards empire and international
  affairs.

10
Why now?

• Developments pushed Americans to change their
  views
• Farmers and factory owners looked for new markets
  for their products
• Yellow journalism glorified overseas adventures
• Missionaries pushed for new lands to Christianize
  the natives.
• Spread Anglo-Saxon civilization to the world as a
  duty (social Darwinism as supported Henry Cabot
  Lodge and Teddy Roosevelt)
• Race for empire in the world, especially European
  powers of Britain, France, Russia, and Germany
  and Japan in Asia
• Push for stronger Navy, as argued by Alfred
  Thayer Mahan in his famous book, The Influence of
  Sea Power Upon History

11
International Interest

• Americas entry to international affairs
  manifested itself in several ways
• S of State Blaine supported the Big Sister
  policy (Latin American nations followed American
  leadership and opened their markets to American
  goods). Idea bore some fruit in 1889 with the
  Pan-American Conference in D.C.
• Near Wars also influenced American views towards
  foreign policy in the 1880s and 1890s

12
International Crises

• Samoan Islands
• U.S. and German Navies almost came to blows in
  1889. Formally divided in 1899.
• Lynching of 11 Italians in New Orleans
• brought Italy and U.S to brink of war, until U.S.
  agreed to pay compensation
• In Chile, death of 2 American sailors made
  hostilities seem inevitable.
• Finally resolved with diplomacy.
• Canada and U.S over seal hunting in Alaska.
• Settled by arbitration.
• These small skirmishes in which the Americans
  were at least considering war demonstrated the
  new aggressive mood in the United States towards
  Foreign policy/diplomacy

13
Crises with Britain

• Gold was discovered in the disputed area between
  Venezuela and British Guiana.
• Cleveland and Secretary of State Olney invoked
  the Monroe Doctrine in regards to Britain's
  involvement and told them that the U.S. was
  calling the shots in the Western Hemisphere.
• British told them to mind their own business.
  Cleveland got angry and wanted a team of experts
  to establish the boundary and if the British did
  not like it, the U.S would fight for it.
• War hysteria occurred in the U.S, but in the end
  cooler heads prevailed. Britain, as a result of
  pressures from the Kaiser in Germany and also the
  Boer War in South Africa, decided prudence was
  more important.
• This lead to the Great rapprochement. The 20th
  century will be one of strong relations between
  Britain and U.S

14
Hawaii "Crossroads of the Pacific"
15
U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii
In the early years, Hawaii served as a Stopping
point and Provisioning point for Yankee
sailors, shippers, And whalers. In 1820s
missionaries Went to Hawaii. Overtime,
Americans Viewed Hawaii as an Extension of their
coastline.
Imiola Church first built in the late 1820s
16
U. S. View of Hawaiians
In the 1840s, the U.S State Department
warned Other nations to keep their Imperial hands
off Hawaii. In 1887, Hawaii granted the U.S.
Navy rights to a naval Station at Pearl Harbor
Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849
by virtue of economic treaties.
17
Troubles in Hawaii

• Due to Old World diseases, Hawaiian population
  was dwindling (1/6th size as before first contact
  with Europeans)
• This meant that the sugar cane field had to
  import workers, mainly Chinese and Japanese
  immigrants, who started to outnumber both the
  whites and native populations.
• Lastly, the McKinley tariff of 1890 hurt the
  sugar growers
• As a result, American planters started calling
  for outright annexation of Hawaii.

18
Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani
Hawaii for the Hawaiians!
19
Revolt in Hawaii

• The Americans led a successful revolt in 1893,
  with the support of U.S troops who authorized by
  the U.S minister in Hawaii.
• The Hawaiian pear is fully ripe, and this is the
  golden hour for the United States to pluck it.
  
• Treaty was rushed through Congress, but Cleveland
  made it clear he would withdraw the treaty.
• An investigation proved that Hawaiians were
  against annexation

20
U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii

• 1875 Reciprocity Treaty
• 1890 McKinley Tariff
• 1893 Americanbusinessmen backed anuprising
  against Queen Liliuokalani.
• Sanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic of
  Hawaii in 1894.

21
To The Victor Belongs the Spoils
Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898
22
Cuba
23
Spanish Misrule in Cuba
In 1895, the Cubans staged A revolt against The
Spanish Rulers. They burned Sugar cane
fields And sugar mills. This insurrection Trouble
d the Americans.
24
Fears in Cuba

• As the insurrection raged on, American sympathies
  went towards the insurrectos.
• American businessmen had 50 million at stake in
  investment and 100 million at stake in trade.
• Also, Cuba had strategic value in the Caribbean
  sea, especially its proximity to the proposed
  Panama Canal.
• Furthermore, the tactics of General Butcher
  Weyler enraged many Americans

25
Valeriano Weylers Reconcentration Policy
26
Yellow Journalism Jingoism
Joseph Pulitzer
Hearst to Frederick Remington You furnish
the pictures, and Ill furnish the war!
William Randolph Hearst
27
De Lôme Letter

• Dupuy de Lôme, SpanishAmbassador to the U.S.
• Criticized PresidentMcKinley as weak and
  abidder for the admirationof the crowd,
  besidesbeing a would-be politicianwho tries to
  leave a dooropen behind himself whilekeeping on
  good termswith the jingoes of hisparty.

28
Remember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!
Funeral for Maine victims in Havana
29
McKinley and War

• McKinley was in a jam on whether to go to war or
  not
• He did not want war, but he also did not want an
  independent Cuba that the U.S could not control.
  
• Roosevelt stated that McKinley had the backbone
  of a chocolate éclair.
• At last, public outcries and pressure for war
  convinced McKinley to fight.
• He also chose for other reasons
• Feared Democratic wins in the 1900 election if he
  did not seem strong in a time of crisis.
• Acknowledged Americas commercial and strategic
  interests in Cuba
• Had little faith in Spain keeping any promises
• On April 11, 1898, he sent his war message to
  Congress who overwhelmingly declared war on
  Spain. They also passed the Teller Amendment.

30
The Imperialist Tailor
31
Theodore Roosevelt

• Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley
  administration.
• Imperialist and American nationalist.
• Criticized PresidentMcKinley as having the
  backbone of a chocolate éclair!
• Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.
• While the Navy Secretary was away from the
  office, Roosevelt cabled Commodore George Dewey
  to descend to Philippines in case war broke out.

32
The Philippines
33
The Spanish-American War (1898)That Splendid
Little War
34
Dewey Captures Manila!
35
Dewey Captures Manila!

• However, Dewey had to wait for American forces to
  storm Manilas forts. So as troops were amassed
  in America, he simply waited.
• Manila was finally captured after troops arrived.
  Manila fell on August 13, 1898.
• As a result of these events in Philippines,
  McKinley reasoned that Hawaii became vital
  strategically as a coaling and a stop for
  provisions. Also feared Japan taking it. So
  Hawaii was annexed on July 7, 1898.

36
Is He To Be a Despot?
37
Emilio Aguinaldo

• Leader of the FilipinoUprising.
• July 4, 1946Philippine independence

38
Cuba
39
The Spanish-American War (1898)That Splendid
Little War
How prepared was the US for war?
40
War in Cuba

• Spain sent a fleet of old warships to Cuba and to
  Santiago harbor.
• This fleet was blockaded by the stronger American
  fleet.
• So, the Americans had to send troops and attack
  from the rear to drive the Spanish ships out.

41
War in Cuba

• General William Shafter led the invading forces.
  He was a large man, who often had to be carried
  about on a door.
• Troops poorly prepared for war in tropics, given
  woolen underwear and uniforms for sub-zero
  battle.
• Rough Riders led by Colonel Leonard and organized
  by Roosevelt.

42
The Rough Riders
The Rough Riders were well Known for their
courage and Skill in fighting, especially
the Battles of Kettle Hill and San Juan Hill.
43
End of Hostilities

• On July 3, the Spaniards tried steamed out of
  Santiago Harbor, only to meet the American fleet.
  
• Spanish defeated easily and plans to attack
  Puerto Rico. That was even easier to take.
• On August 12, 1898, an armistice was signed.
• Deaths for Americans nearly 400 hundred died
  from bullets, and 5,000 died from bacteria
  (typhoid, malaria, dysentery, and yellow fever)
  and other causes.

44
The Treaty of Paris 1898

• Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.
• Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofGuam.
• The U. S. paid Spain20 mil. for
  thePhilippines.
• The U. S. becomesan imperial power!

45
Philippines?

• Dilemma of the Philippines
• McKinley knew he could not simply give it back to
  Spanish misrule.
• Also it would be cowardly to turn their back on
  Philippines and simply sail away.
• Other issues
• If left alone, Philippines might fall into
  anarchy
• If left alone, another great power might take it,
  like Japan or Germany
• Best resolution is take complete control of
  Philippines and give them their freedom later.

46
Philippines?

• Public Opinion
• Christian missionaries wanted to have Philippines
  to convert the natives.
• First Lady Ida McKinley showed great concern for
  the welfare of the Filipinos and wanted them
  under American rule
• Wall Street and businesses wanted access to
  Philippines for profits.
• Stricken with the decision, McKinley finally opts
  to annex them completely and civilize them.

47
Philippines?

• The Philippines showed a huge shift in foreign
  policy
• Previous overseas acquisitions were small and
  thinly populated, such as Pacific atolls and the
  Hawaii islands. All other imperialist
  acquisitions were on the continent
• With Philippines, there were 7 million people,
  all Asian, all with a different language, culture
  and governmental institutions than United States.
  

48
Philippines?

• Opponents of Imperialism
• Against American ideals of self-determination and
  anti-colonialism
• Violates concepts of consent of governed as noted
  in the Declaration of Independence and
  Constitution.
• Empire is costly and expensive for the nation.
• Annexation could cause America to be sucked into
  Asian conflicts, thus violating Washington's
  pleas of no foreign entanglements.

49
Philippines?

• Proponents
• Simply an extension of American expansion that
  pushed to the Pacific and now beyond
• Roosevelt if morally bound to abandon the
  Philippines, we are also morally bound to abandon
  Arizona to the Apaches.
• Imperialists appealed to
• Patriotism
• Americas civilizing mission
• Prospects of economic benefit.
• Rudyard Kipling- proponent of imperialism stated
  that wealthy Americans must uplift the
  underprivileged, underfed, and underclad of the
  world. They must take up the white mans
  burden.

50
The American Anti-Imperialist
League

• Founded in 1899.
• Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, WilliamJames, and
  WilliamJennings Bryan amongthe leaders.
• Campaigned against the annexation of
  thePhilippines and otheracts of imperialism.

51
Cuba and Puerto Rico

• Puerto Rico was neither a state nor a territory,
  so its status was strange.
• Foraker Act of 1900
• Accorded to Puerto Ricans a limited degree of
  popular government
• 1917
• Puerto Ricans given U.S. citizenship but could
  not have self-rule
• Americans did well in establishing infrastructure
  in Puerto Rico, with education, sanitation, and
  transportation.
• But they still felt they should be independent.

52
DILEMMA--Did U. S. citizenship follow the flag??
53
Puerto Rico 1898

• 1900 - Foraker Act.
• PR became an unincorporated territory.
• Citizens of PR, not of the US.
• Import duties on PR goods
• 1901-1903 ? the Insular Cases.
• Constitutional rights were not automatically
  extended to territorial possessions.
• Congress had the power to decide these rights.
• Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were
  legal!

54
Puerto Rico 1898

• 1917 Jones Act.
• Gave full territorial status to PR.
• Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming into the
  US.
• PRs elected theirown legislators governor to
  enforcelocal laws.
• PRs could NOT votein US presidentialelections.
• A resident commissioner was sent to Washington to
  vote for PR in the House.

55
Cuban Independence?

• Teller Amendment (1898)
• Platt Amendment (1903)
• Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with
  foreign powers that would endanger its
  independence.
• The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if
  necessary to maintain an efficient, independent
  govt.
• Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for
  naval and coaling station.
• Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

Senator Orville Platt
56
Effects of Spanish-American War

• Big Coming out party for the United States
• Emerges and announces itself as a world power
• Britain, France, and Russia and other great
  powers increase their diplomatic presence in D.C.
• New spirit of militarism is evident throughout
  the country, especially the idea of a strong Navy
  as advocated by Mahan.
• War helps weaken animosity between North and
  South as many Southerners took up arms and fought
  in the war

57
Philippines
58
Philippines

• Many Filipinos believed they would get the same
  treatment as Cuba, and granted their freedom
  after the Spanish-American War.
• However, U.S. made it clear that its intention
  was to be there indefinitely.
• Consequently, an armed conflict occurred towards
  the occupying American troops in Feb 4, 1899.
  Led by Aguinaldo.

59
Emilio Aguinaldo
Aguinaldo and his soldiers waged Guerilla warfare
on the Americans. In response, the Americans
tortured Filipinos using the water cure Method
and also used Reconcentration camps. In many
ways, the Americans out-Spanished the Spanish.
committing the same heinous crimes they
fought the Spanish for.

• Leader of the FilipinoUprising.
• July 4, 1946Philippine independence

60
William H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the
Philippines
In 1901, the Americans finally Defeated the
Filipino insurgents. In total, the Americans
lost 4,234 Soldiers and the Filipinos lost
600,000 people.
Taft was selected to be
governor-general. Called Filipinos
his little brown brothers.
Great administrator.
61
Taft and the Philippines

• Taft tried to use a policy of benevolent
  assimilation.
• U.S. govt poured millions of dollars into
  Philippines for the following
• Roads, sanitation, and public health
• Established economic ties, especially trade in
  sugar
• Established schools and English as a second
  language
• But in the end, it meant nothing because the
  Filipinos detested forced Americanization.

62
China
63
China in late 1890s

• After Japan defeated China in 1894-1895, European
  powers swooped in to take advantage of the weak
  prey.
• Procured valuable leaseholds and economic spheres
  of influence.
• Many in America demanded U.S. government does
  something before Europeans monopolized the
  Chinese market.
• Missionaries were worried too
• So, SOS Hay issued the.

64
The Open Door Policy

• Secretary John Hay.
• Give all nations equalaccess to trade in China.
• Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by
  any one foreign power.

65
TheOpen Door Policy
66
The Boxer Rebellion 1900

• Known as Boxers for their skill in martial arts.
• Kill Foreign Devils.
• Murdered more than 200 foreigners and 2,000
  Chinese Christians.

67
The Boxer Rebellion 1900

• Finally, a force of 18,000 multinational troops
  sent in to stop rebellion.
• Included several thousand Americans who were sent
  to protect American interests under Treaty of
  Wanghia of 1844.
• European powers force China to pay 333 million.
  U.S. received 24.5 million.
• When U.S realized it was more than needed, used
  18 million dollars to educate a select group of
  Chinese in American universities.

68
America as a Pacific Power
69
Our Sphere of Influence
70
ELECTION OF 1900
71
Election of 1900

• Republicans
• Choose McKinley as their nominee.
• He had won a war, acquired rich real estate,
  safeguarded the gold standard, and the economy
  was flourishing again.
• Choose Roosevelt as a running mate. As governor
  of New York, he became a headache to the bosses
  and wanted to have a less important role.

• Democrats
• Choose William Jennings Bryan again.
• Most important platform issue was the Republican
  imperialism under McKinley.
• Bryan campaigned as he had done before and stated
  that Lincoln had freed 3.5 million slaves and
  McKinley enslaved 7 million Filipinos.

72
Election of 1900
73
Assassination of McKinley
Just six months into his presidency, McKinley was
fatally shot In Buffalo on September 6, 1901.
He was shot by an anarchist Leon Czolgolz, who
was reaching to shake McKinley's hand.
74
Theodore Roosevelt

• Speak softly but carry a big stick
• Roosevelt was only 42 when took the oath of
  office.
• Was born into a wealthy New York family
• Graduated from Harvard and at age 24, was an
  accomplished writer

• Before his career in politics, he was ranch owner
  and cowboy in South Dakota.
• Better to wear out than rust out, he worked
  relentlessly and is known for his range of
  talents.
• Proponent of imperialism, the military, and the
  Navy

75
Theodore Roosevelt

• As one journalist wrote about him, after a visit
  to the White House You go home and you have to
  wring the personality out of your clothes.

• Most importantly, Roosevelt thought the president
  should lead, boldly. Checks and balances were
  overrated in his opinion and the President can do
  any action in the general interest of the public
  as long as its not forbidden in the Constitution

76
Panama
77
Panama

• Panama Canal becomes all that more important as
  America creates an empire and increases strength
  of Navy.
• Help with possessions Puerto Rico, Hawaii, and
  Philippines
• Obstacles included the Clayton-Bulwer treaty with
  Britain in 1850. Treaty stated U.S. nor Britain
  could exclusively control over a canal.
• By in 1901, Britain was willing to make a new
  treaty. Hay-Pauncefote Treaty gave U.S.
  exclusive control and the right to fortify the
  canal too.

78
Panama The Kings Crown

• 1850 ? Clayton-Bulwer Treaty.
• 1901 ? Hay-Paunceforte Treaty.
• Philippe Bunau-Varilla, agent for the New Panama
  Canal Company. Dropped price of its holdings from
  109 million to 40 million
• 1903 ? Hay-Bunau- Varilla Treaty.

79
Panama Canal

• Panama was a part of Columbia, and they rejected
  an offer of 10 million dollars and annual fee of
  250,000 dollars for a six-mile wide zone across
  Panama.
• On November 3, 1903, Bunau-Varilla, with the help
  of the U.S. Navy helped, start an insurrection in
  Panama against the Columbians.
• 3 days later, Roosevelt formally recognized
  Panama and the Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty was
  signed fifteen days later.
• Canal started in 1904 and finally finished at the
  cost of 400 million dollars in 1914.
• Gorgas made it safe from tropical disease
• Chief Engineer was General George Washington
  Goethals

80
Panama Canal
TR in Panama(Construction begins in 1904)
81
The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
1905

• As Latin American nations became indebted to
  European creditors, Roosevelt worried this would
  open the door for European intervention in Latin
  America, a violation of the Monroe Doctrine.
• So, Roosevelt issued his corollary, basically
  saying that the U.S. would intervene when
  necessary and pay debts for Latin American
  nations to keep Europeans out. Basically,
  maintain their big kid on the block status and
  keep control in Latin America
• This policy first went into effect in 1905 when
  the U.S. took control of tariff collection in the
  Dominican Republic
• Helps create Bad Neighbor idea of the U.S. As
  stated in the text, the Caribbean was a Yankee
  Lake.

82
The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
1905
Chronic wrongdoing may in America, as elsewhere,
ultimately require intervention by some civilized
nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the
adherence of the United States to the Monroe
Doctrine may force the United States, however
reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing
or impotence, to the exercise of an international
police power .
83
Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!
84
Japan
85
Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan 1853
The Japanese View of Commodore Perry
86
Treaty of Kanagawa 1854
87
Japan and Russia

• Russia wanted Chinas Manchuria and Port Arthur.
  
• Japan feared the Russians gaining access here so
  they launched a surprise attack on Port Arthur,
  defeating the Russians.
• Japan continued to defeat the Russians, but was
  running out of able soldiers.
• So, they asked Roosevelt to intervene and
  negotiate a peace treaty.

88
Nobel Peace for Roosevelt

• Roosevelt said yes
• Wanted a strong Russia to counter the growing
  Japanese power
• Negotiated a treaty in Portsmouth, New Hampshire
  in 1905
• Treaty was unfair, in eyes of Japanese
• Forced to drop cash demand and also Russian
  evacuation of Sakhalin Islands
• But Japan received Korea, which they later
  annexed in 1910
• But Roosevelt was given Nobel Peace Prize in
  1906.
• However, resentment grew between Russians and
  Americans and especially between U.S. and Japan,
  as they became rivals in the Pacific.

89
Nobel Peace for Roosevelt
90
Gentlemans Agreement 1908

• A Japanese note agreeing to deny passports
  tolaborers entering the U.S.
• Japan recognized the U.S.right to exclude
  Japaneseimmigrants holding passportsissued by
  other countries.
• The U.S. government got theschool board of San
  Francisco to rescind their order tosegregate
  Asians in separateschools.

• 1908 ? Root-Takahira Agreement.

91
Root-Takahira Agreement 1908

• A pledge to maintain the status quo in the Far
  East.
• Recognition of Chinas independence and
  territorial integrity, and support for
  continuation of the Open-Door Policy.
• An agreement to mutual consultation in the event
  of future Far Eastern crises.

92
The Great White Fleet 1907