Unit IV 1820-1861

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Unit IV1820-1861

• Part 5

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Prosperity!

• Sources
• Gold Rush
• European investment in U.S. Railroads
• Mobile labor supply
• Wheat and cotton production way up
• New Inventions

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New Inventions

• Improvements on the Sewing Machine (Singer and
  Howe)
• Rotary Press cheaper newspapers
• Vulcanized Rubber
• Better steam engines
• Telegraph (in practical use by 1844)
• Mass production (clocks, watches)

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The Rise of Popular Journalism

• Price of Newspapers to 1 penny
• The first for a penny1833 The New York Sun
• Editors had greater political influence Horace
  Greeley said, Go West Young Men! NY Tribune
• Papers became more sensational The NY Herald
• They competed with each other for readers

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Magazines

• Godeys Ladies Book 1830
• Harpers Monthly 1850
• Atlantic Monthly 1857
• The Dial 1840 (Transcendentalists) published by
  Margaret Fuller

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Julia Ward Howe

• Wrote the words to The Battle Hymn of the Republic

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The Growth of Agriculture

• New markets in the West
• Better transportation to bring goods to the East
• Meat packers used the assembly line process
• Mechanical reaper
• Steele plow
• Iron plow with interchangeable parts

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Transportation

• 1850s The U.S. had the largest Merchant Marine
  in the world
• Great Lakes were made an important water route
  due to the Erie Canal
• Railroads first in use in U.S. by 1831
• At first speed was frightening (30 mph)
• Problems with rails, brakes
• By 1860 one could travel on RR from the east
  coast to the Mississippi River!

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Railroads

• Linked the East and Mid-west
• Soon linked politically as well as economically
• When Henry Clay postponed the Civil War in 1850
  with the Compromise of 1850, the North and West
  were linked by RRs. Helped the North win the
  Civil War

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Immigration

• Until 1800 only about 8,000 immigrants were
  coming to U.S. annually
• 1840-1860 big increase 200,000 annually
• Reasons for increase
• Many fled oppression and poverty
• Many from England and Germany put out of work due
  to the Industrial Revolution and both countries
  deported paupers
• Scandinavia was running out of arable land
• The Irish potato famine

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Problems for Immigrants

• Dangerous and difficult voyage (10 died)
• Malnutrition and disease
• Shady Americans sold them fake RR tickets,
  non-existent land
• Prejudice especially against the Irish

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The Irish

• Many were prejudiced against the Irish Catholics
• Wanted Immigration Reform
• Laws to restrict immigration, keep them from
  gaining citizenship, voting, holding office
• Nativism Prejudice against certain ethnic groups

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The Know-Nothings

• Later became a 3rd Political Party the American
  Party
• Made themselves APPEAR to be the REAL Americans
  protecting the U.S. from foreign influence
• Appeared to be real patriotic The Order of the
  Star Spangled Banner
• Know Nothings worked to
• restrict immigration
• Extend Naturalization to 21 years

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Was the move to Immigration Reform more
democratic?

• Expanding participation in government IS more
  democratic.
• Restricting participation in government is NOT
  more democratic.

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Native Americans in California

• The Gold Rush Caused native population to
  decline dramatically
• 1850150,000
• 187030,000
• Indian Hunting parties
• California Law Loitering Indians could be
  sold into slavery

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Blacks in the North

• Could not vote, hold public office, enter
  professions, be skilled craftsmen, send kids to
  integrated schools
• Had to stand on platforms outside of street
  cars, use segregated cars on railroads

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Blacks in the South

• English increased demand for cotton caused the
  South to rely on slavery for their economic
  prosperity
• 1850s cotton production broke all previous
  records
• Tobacco production increased as well
• No industrial growth due to the success of cotton

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The South

• By 1850 southern state legislatures made it
  difficult for individuals to free their slaves if
  they wanted to
• Free Blacks in the South were told to go
  elsewhere ro risk being sold back into slavery
• Slaves could not contract into marriage, be
  educated, be out after dark

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The South

• Slavery caused lower wages of white workers in
  the South
• Blacks away from home needed passes
• Patrols at night looked for runaways
• Southern defense of slavery inferior, happy,
  suited to slavery

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Election of 1852

• Everyone believed slavery issue was settled with
  the Compromise of 1850 so the Free Soil Party
  took fewer popular votes than in 1848
• Both parties endorsed Compromise of 1850
• Both parties had obscure candidates who
  sidestepped controversial issues

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Election 1852

• Democrats Pierce 254
• Whigs Winfield Scott 42
• Free Soil Party Hale
• Note popular vote much closer
• Pierce 1,601,117
• Scott 1,385,453

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Pierce and Young America

• Campaigned on spreading democracy throughout the
  world

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Foreign AffairsCuba

• Pierce offered 130,000,000 to Spain for Cuba
• Spain refused to sell
• The Ostend Manifesto a suggestion by American
  diplomats (including Buchanan) in Ostend,
  Belgium If Spain wont sell, why dont we take
  it by force?
• The document was leaked to the Press who made the
  manifesto public

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The Ostend Manifesto

• Outraged the northern public
• Many in the North believed it was a ploy by
  Pierce to add another slave state
• Sec. of State (Marcy) publically denied it all
• Was a cause the Civil War (caused rising
  suspicion between the sections

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Foreign Affairs Mexico

• The Gadsden Purchase 1853 the U.S. purchased a
  small piece of territory in the southern Rockies
  from Mexico for 10 million in hopes of building
  a railroad there

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Foreign Affairs England

• The Clayton-Bulwar Treaty 1850 The U.S. and
  Britain agreed to someday build a canal together
  linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

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Foreign Affairs China

• Trade between the U.S. and China since the 1700s
• 1839-42 The First Opium War between China and
  the Brits (the Brits won) Got Hong Kong and
  special trading privileges
• Other European countries won special trading
  privileges too

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China

• 1844 The U.S. sent Cushing to China with 4 war
  ships to convince the Chinese to give us special
  trading privileges as well
• Other countries were beginning to annex Chinese
  territories

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Foreign Affairs Japan

• Japan had isolated itself
• Was strongly ethno-centric
• Believed all other countries to be barbarians
  (even other Eastern countries)
• The emperor would not allow his subjects to leave
  the islands at all
• Japan allowed one Dutch ship each year to come to
  trade in Japanothers wanted to trade

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Japan

• 1854 The U.S. sent Perry with guns and gifts to
  convince the Japanese to open their ports to U.S.
  trade
• Europeans did the same thing