Essential Question:

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• Essential Question
• What factors led to the outbreak of the Civil War
  contributed to Confederate successes from 1861
  to 1863?

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Secession the Outbreak of the Civil War
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Secession in the South
The failed Crittenden Compromise in 1860

• Lincolns election led to secession by 7 states
  in the Deep South but that did not necessarily
  mean civil war
• Two things had to happen first
• One last failed attempt to reconcile the North
  South
• The North had to use its military to protect the
  Union

Fort Sumter, South Carolina
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The Upper South did not view Lincolns election
as a death sentence did not secede immediately
Some Northerners thought the U.S. would be better
off if the South was allowed to peacefully secede
SC seceded on Dec 20,1860
The entire Deep South seceded by Feb 1861
Lame duck Buchanan took no action to stop the
South from seceding
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The Decision to Secede
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What is the United States?

• The Southern decision to secede was based on old
  arguments
• The USA was a compact between states, not a
  national govt above the states
• Therefore, states could leave the Union freely
  peacefully
• States rights must be protected as a guarantee
  of liberty

Individuals have the right to own property
(slaves) have the right to have their property
returned (Fugitive Slave Law)
Southerners had threatened secession during a
Congressional debate over slavery in 1790, the
Missouri Crisis of 1820, the Nullification Crisis
of 1832, the crisis over California in 1850
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Secession the Formation of the Confederate
States of America
The CSA constitution resembled the U.S., but with
4 key changes (1) it protected states rights,
(2) guaranteed slavery, (3) referenced God, (4)
prohibited protective tariffs
On Feb 4, 1861, the Confederate States of America
were formed
Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis was elected
CSA president
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The Deep South Secedes

• Moderate Republicans proposed the Crittenden
  Compromise to lure the South back into the Union
• offered to extend the Missouri Compromise line to
  the Pacific
• promised a Constitutional amendment to protect
  slavery
• Both Lincoln Davis rejected the compromise
  leaving the North with 2 choices

Allow for peaceful separationOR fight to
preserve the Union
Lincoln rejected it because he was committed to
free soil
The South rejected it because they had created a
new nation
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Fort Sumter, South Carolina
In April 1861, a skirmish at Fort Sumter, SC led
to the 1st shots fired of the Civil War
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Effects of Fort Sumter
The attack rallied unified the North for war
Civil War was not technically between slave
states free states (the border states of MO,
KY, DE, MD did not secede)
Many pro-slavery border states (Arkansas, TN, NC,
VA) viewed Fort Sumter as an act of aggression
by the North joined the CSA
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Adjusting to Total War
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Northern Advantages

• At the outbreak of the Civil War, the North had
  lots of advantages
• Larger population for troops
• Greater industrial capacity
• Huge edge in RR transportation
• Problem for the North
• Had to invade the South to win
• Difficult to maintain enthusiasm support for
  war over time

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Resources of the Union and the Confederacy, 1861
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Southern Advantages

• Although outnumbered less industrial, South had
  advantages
• President Davis knew that they did not have to
  win the war the South only had to drag out the
  fight make the North quit
• Had the best military leaders
• England France appeared more willing to support
  the South

King Cotton diplomacy
Robert E Stonewall
J.E.B. Lee Jackson Stuart
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Winfield Scotts Anaconda Plan
Southern strategy was an offensive defense
drag out the war strategically attack the North
to destroy Northern morale
Take the CSA capital at Richmond
Take control of the Mississippi River
George McClellan was in charge of Army of the
Potomac
Ulysses Grant in the West
Blockade the Southern coast
Divide the West from South
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Political Leadership During the Civil War

• Davis was less effective
• concerned mainly with military duties
• neglected the economy
• obstructed by state governors who resisted
  conscription

• Lincoln expanded his powers
• declared martial law
• imprisoned subversives
• briefly closed down a few newspapers

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The Diplomatic Struggle

• From 1861 to 1862, the South used cotton
  diplomacy to get England France to aid them
• Napoleon III favored the South but wanted England
  to do so 1st
• England offered belligerent status to the CSA
  but otherwise chose a hands-off policy
• By 1863, King Cotton diplomacy failed because
  Egyptian Indian cotton filled the European
  demand

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Fighting the Civil War
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The Civil War
From 1861-1863, the South consistently beat the
North due to poor Union leadership the Southern
defensive strategy
1st battle was Bull Run (Manassas, VA) on July
21, 1861 On to Richmond campaign was repulsed
by Stonewall Jackson
The U.S. CSA forces fought to a draw at
Antietam in Sept 1862the single bloodiest day of
the Civil War
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Fighting Total War
Women took govt jobs as bookkeepers, clerks
secretaries A number of women also served as
spies (Rose Greenhow, CSA)
Cone-shaped bullets grooved barrel rifles

• The Civil War was the worlds 1st total war in
  which the entire economy was devoted to winning
• North South drafted soldiers
• North South employed female workers to meet
  supply demands
• New weapons, old tactics, sheer numbers of
  troops in battle led to massive casualties

Massive frontal assaults and massed formations
with as many as 100,000 soldiers
Repeating rifles the Gatling gun
Shrapnel, booby traps, land mines
Womens most prominent role were as nurses on the
battlefield distributing medical supplies,
organizing hospitals, offering comfort to
wounded or dying soldiers
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Battle of the Ironclads (1862) CSS Virginia vs.
USS Monitor
Confederate ironclad CSS Virginia was built using
the remains of the USS Merrimack
USS Monitor was a revolutionary design rotating
turret low profile
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Casualties of the Civil War
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• Essential Question
• What factors helped the North turn the tide of
  the Civil War in 1863 that inevitably led to a
  Union victory in 1865?

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Mobilizing the Home Fronts
The draft was unpopular among Southern governors
Northern, antiwar Copperheads

• Both the North South faced problems supporting
  the war
• Both sides began running out of troops in 1862,
  the North South began conscription (draft)
• Funding the war was difficult both sides printed
  paper money (greenbacks) to accommodate spending
  needs led to runaway inflation (9,000 in the
  South)

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The Coming of Emancipation

• At the beginning of the war, the North was
  fighting to preserve the Union, not to abolish
  slavery
• By mid-1862, many Northerners called for
  immediate emancipation
• Congress refused a gradual plan
• Many thought immediate freedom for slaves would
  lure England France into alliance
• Southern victories pressured the North to strike
  back

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"My paramount object in this struggle is to save
the Union, and is not either to save or to
destroy slavery. If I could save the Union
without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I
could save it by freeing all the slaves I would
do it and if I could save it by freeing some and
leaving others alone I would also do that."
Abraham Lincoln, 1862
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The Emancipation Proclamation

• Union success at Antietam led Lincoln to issue
  the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863
• Lincoln freed all slaves in Confederate
  territories
• This did not free a single slave but it gave the
  North a new reason fight the Civil War
• Inspired slaves to flee North
• Pushed for the 13th Amendment

Passed after the Civil War ended
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Emancipation in 1863
The border states could keep their slaves (until
13th amendment passed in 1865)
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The Tide Turns in 1863

• By early 1863, the North South both faced
  morale problems
• Southeconomic diplomatic collapse, runaway
  slaves, many yeomen refused to fight
• Northconsistent losses against Lee, draft riots
  in NYC, anti-war Copperheads played on war
  failures racial anxieties

New York City Draft Riot
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Fight to the Finish

• But by 1863, the war began to turn in favor of
  the North
• Northern supremacy in industry manpower began
  to take its toll on the exhausted South
• The North began enlisting blacks into the Union
  army 200,000 fought as soldiers many others
  served as labor in the Northern war effort

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The Civil War
Grant began a siege on Richmond and
Due to Grants success in the west, Lincoln made
Grant supreme commander of Union army in 1864
Grant devised a strategy to invade the South on
all fronts
In July 1863, General Grant took Vicksburg
gained control of the Mississippi River
Lee led an attack into the North, but lost at
Gettysburg Norths 1st real victory in the east
William Sherman began his march to
the sea (Atlanta to Savannah) destroyed
everything of military value
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Gettysburg Address
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing
whether that nation, or any nation so conceived
and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on
a great battle-field of that war. We have come to
dedicate a portion of that field, as a final
resting place for those who here gave their lives
that that nation might live. It is altogether
fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate, we
can not consecrate, we can not hallow this
ground. For the brave men, living and dead, who
struggled here, have consecrated it far above our
poor power to add or detract.
It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the
great task remaining before usthat from these
honored dead we take increased devotion to that
cause for which they gave the last full measure
of devotion
The world will little note or long remember what
we say here, but it can never forget what they
did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be
dedicated here to the unfinished work which they
who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced.
that we here highly resolve that these dead
shall not have died in vainthat this nation,
under God, shall have a new birth of freedomand
that government of the people, by the people, and
for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
Four score and seven years ago our forefathers
brought forth on this continent, a new nation,
conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal.
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Election of 1864

• Meanwhile, Lincoln faced a tough re-election in
  1864 against General George McClellan
• War failures were a key issue
• Radical Republicans considered dropping Lincoln
  from the ticket
• But, when Atlanta fell during Shermans March to
  the Sea, Lincoln regained support and was
  overwhelmingly reelected

In his 2nd inaugural address, Lincoln promised a
Reconstruction Plan for the Union with malice
towards none charity for all
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Union Gains in the Civil War by 1865
In April 1865, Grant faced off with Lee outside
Richmond Lee was cut off from the South
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On April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant at
Appomattox Courthouse, ending the fighting of
Civil War
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The Death of Lincoln

• Northern celebration was short lived On April
  14, 1865, Lincoln was shot by pro-Southerner John
  Wilkes Booth

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Effects of the War
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Effects of the War

• Social changes
• 618,000 troops were dead
• Women in both the North South were forced to
  take on more non-domestic roles
• 13th Amendment ended slavery
• Nativism decreased as many immigrants fought in
  Civil War

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Effects of the War
Ended the Southern argument over nullification
states rights

• Political changes
• The Civil War established that the national govt
  is supreme over the states
• With no Southern opposition, Republicans passed
  new laws Homestead Act (1862), Morrill Act
  (1862), a protective tariff, land grants to RR
  companies, a national banking system

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Conclusions

• The turning point of the war 1863
• The Civil War began as a conflict to preserve
  the Union, but by 1863 it became a war for human
  liberty (Emancipation Proclamation was issued)
• The South dominated the early campaigns of the
  war due, but by 1863 (Gettysburg) the weight of
  Northern industry population wore down the South