Unit 2 Review

1
Unit 2 Review Expansion, Civil War
Reconstruction

• SOL Review

2
Standard 6a

• Several principles and issues prompted Thomas
  Jefferson to organize the first opposition
  political party.

3
Why did competing political parties emerge?

• Different views of economic and foreign policy
  issues led to the development of the first
  American political parties.
• Controversies over the Federalist Partys support
  for the Bank of the United States, the Jay
  Treaty, and the undeclared war on France
  contributed to the emergence of an organized
  opposition party led by Thomas Jefferson and
  James Madison.

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a note about the previous election . . .

• George Washington refused a third term in office.
• Two candidates were in the running John Adams
  (Federalist Party/Washingtons VP) and Thomas
  Jefferson (Democratic-Republican)
• Because of the electoral system at the time,
  Adams who received the most votes became
  President and Jefferson, who received the 2nd
  most votes became Vice President.
• (The Twelfth Amendment solved this problem)

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The Election of 1800

• Thomas Jefferson won the presidential election of
  1800. (he beat out the incumbent candidate, John
  Adams)
• This was the first election in which power was
  peacefully transferred from one political party
  to another.

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The Federalist Party

• led by John Adams and Alexander Hamilton
• believed in a strong national government and a
  commercial economy
• supported by bankers and businessmen in the
  Northeast

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The Democratic-Republicans

• led by Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr
• believed in a weak national government and an
  agricultural economy
• supported by farmers, artisans, and frontier
  settlers in the South

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Standard 6b

• There were economic, political, and geographic
  factors that led to territorial expansion.
• Our expansion had a great impact on the American
  Indians.

10
The Louisiana Purchase

• purchased in 1803 by President Thomas Jefferson
  from France
• doubled the size of the United States
• Jefferson authorized the Lewis and Clark
  expedition to explore the new territory
• Sacajawea served as their guide and translator

11
The Monroe Doctrine

• issued by President James Monroe in 1823
• stated
• a warning to European powers that the Americas
  were closed to colonization
• the U.S. would regard any attempts at
  colonization as a threat to its own safety
• in return, the U.S. would not interfere in
  European affairs

12
How were westward movement and economic
development tied together?

• American settlers poured westward from the
  coastal states into the Midwest, Southwest, and
  Texas, seeking economic opportunity in the form
  of land to own and farm.
• The growth of railroads and canals helped the
  industrial economy and supported westward
  movement.
• Eli Whitneys cotton gin led to the spread of
  slavery in the South.

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How did the United States gain land in the
Southwest?

• The belief that it was Americas Manifest
  Destiny to stretch from Atlantic to Pacific
  provided political support for territorial
  expansion.
• American migration to Texas led to the Texan
  Revolution and Texan Independence.
• American victory in the Mexican-American War
  (1846-1848) gave the U.S. present-day California,
  Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Colorado and New Mexico.

15
What happened to the Native Americans?

• Conflicts between American settlers and Indian
  nations in the Southeast and the old Northwest
  resulted in the relocation of many Indians to
  reservations.
• During the period of westward migration, the
  American Indians were repeatedly defeated in
  violent conflicts with settlers and soldiers and
  forcibly removed from their ancestral homelands.
• Trail of Tears
• The forced removal of tribes from the Southeast
  to Indian Territory in present-day Oklahoma.
• The migrants faced hunger, disease, and
  exhaustion on the forced march. Over 4,000 out of
  15,000 of the Cherokees died.

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Standard 6c

• James Madison asked Congress to declare war on
  Great Britain in 1812. This decision divided the
  nation.

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What were the causes of the War of 1812?

• British interference with American shipping
• impressment of American sailors and interference
  with trade
• British interference with western expansion
• encouraged Native Americans in the Northwest

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Standard 6d

• The character of American political life changed
  in the age of the common man, also called the
  Jacksonian Era.
• An extension of the franchise, westward
  expansion, and the rise of sectional interests
  prompted increased participation in state and
• national politics.

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What helped our political character change?

• a heightened emphasis on equality in the
  political process for adult white males
• the rise of interest group politics and sectional
  issues
• a changing style of campaigning
• increased voter participation

21
What does Andrew Jackson have to do with this?

• Jackson personified the democratic spirit of
  the age by challenging the economic elite.
• He also rewarded political supporters with public
  office. This is called the spoils system.
• By this time the Federalist Party had disappeared
  and the Democratic Party (Jackson) was opposed by
  Whigs and Know-Nothings.

22
Standard 6e

• There were cultural, economic, and political
  issues that divided the nation.
• This included tariffs, slavery, the abolitionist
  and womens suffrage movements, and the role of
  the states in the Union.

23
What does that mean?

• The nation struggled to resolve sectional issues,
  producing a series of crises and compromises.
• These crises took place over the admission of new
  states to the Union.
• The issue was whether the number of free states
  and slave states would remain balanced. (thus
  affecting the distribution of power in Congress)

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What was the tariff issue?

• Sectional tensions were caused by competing
  economic interests.
• The industrial North favored high protective
  tariffs to protect their manufactured goods from
  foreign competition.
• The agricultural South opposed high protective
  tariffs that made the price of imports more
  expensive.

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How did westward expansion cause sectional
tension?

• As new states entered the Union, compromises were
  reached that maintained the balance of power in
  Congress between free and slave states.

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What were the compromises?

• Missouri Compromise (1820)
• drew an east-west line through the Louisiana
  Purchase
• slavery was outlawed above the line and allowed
  below (Missouri was an exception)
• Compromise of 1850
• California entered the Union as a free state
• the new Southwestern Territories would be allowed
  to decide on their own
• Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
• repealed the Missouri Compromise Line
• gave residents in Kansas and Nebraska popular
  sovereignty on the issue (they could choose)

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What was Bleeding Kansas?

• The Kansas-Nebraska act caused bloody fighting in
  Kansas as pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces
  battled each other.
• It also led to the birth of the Republican Party
  (Abraham Lincoln). They opposed the spread of
  slavery.

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Why was there fighting over the nature of the
Union?

• South Carolina argued that sovereign states could
  nullify the Tariff of 1832 and other acts of
  Congress. (Nullification Crisis of 1832)
• THE PROBLEM A union that allowed state
  governments to invalidate acts of the national
  congress could be dissolved by states seceding
  from the Union in defense of slavery.
• President Jackson threatened to send federal
  troops in to collect the tariff revenues.
• In this case, war was averted, but it
  foreshadowed what was to come in 1860 . . .

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The big issue slavery.

• Slave revolts in Virginia, led by Nat Turner and
  Gabriel Prosser, fed white southerners fears
  about slave rebellions.
• In response, harsh laws were passed in the South
  against fugitive slaves.
• Any southerners who favored abolition were
  intimidated in to silence.

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• Northerners, led by William Lloyd Garrison
  (publisher of The Liberator) viewed the practice
  of slavery as a violation of Christian
  principles.
• They argued for its abolition.
• Southerners grew alarmed by the growing force of
  the Northern response to the abolitionist
  movement.
• Fugitive slave events pitted southern slave
  owners against outraged northerners who opposed
  returning escaped slaves to bondage.

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The Womens Suffrage Movement

• At the same time the abolitionist movement grew,
  another reform movement took root.
• Women began to campaign for equal rights.
• Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
• Organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• Issued the Seneca Falls Declaration a demand
  for equal rights modeled after the Declaration of
  Independence

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Standard 7a

• There were multiple causes of the Civil War, but
  slavery was the principle cause.

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What were the causes of the Civil War?

• sectional disagreements and debates over
• tariffs, slavery, the nature of the Union
• northern abolitionists vs. southern defenders of
  slavery
• Dred Scott v. Sanford decision
• publication of Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet
  Beecher Stowe
• ineffective presidential leadership of the 1850s
• failed compromises over the expansion of slavery

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Standard 7b

• The major events of the Civil War and the roles
  of key leaders.
• The secession of Southern states triggered a long
  and costly war that ended with Northern victory,
  the restoration of the Union and the emancipation
  of slaves.
• The Civil War was the ultimate question of the
  power of the federal government versus the
  states, but the federal government came out on
  top.

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Why did the Southern states secede?

• The southern states were unhappy with the results
  of the 1860 election.
• Abraham Lincoln had won, but he wasnt even on
  the ballot in many southern states.
• They feared he would outlaw the institution of
  slavery a practice upon which many southerners
  depended.

36
What were the major events of the war?

• 1860 the election of Abraham Lincoln
• 1860 South Carolina secedes (followed by 10
  others)
• April 1861 the Battle of Fort Sumter (opening
  conflict)
• July 1861 First Battle of Bull Run (Confederate
  victory)
• September 1862 Antietam (bloodiest single day
  battle)
• January 1863 Emancipation Proclamation
• July 1863 Battle of Gettysburg (turning point)
• April 1865 Surrender at Appomattox

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Who were the key leaders?

• Abraham Lincoln
• President of the United States insisted that the
  Union be held together
• Jefferson Davis
• U.S. Senator who became President of the
  Confederacy
• Ulysses S. Grant
• Union military commander
• Robert E. Lee
• Confederate military commander (Virginian)
• Frederick Douglass
• prominent abolitionist urged Lincoln to allow
  African Americans to fight in the Union Army

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Standard 7c

• The Emancipation Proclamation and the Gettysburg
  Address
• These two documents had an important impact on
  the war, and a lasting effect on the nation.

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The Emancipation Proclamation

• 1863
• freed those slaves located in the rebelling
  states (southern states that had seceded)
• made the abolition of slavery a northern war aim
• discouraged any interference from foreign
  governments
• allowed for the enlistment of African Americans
  in the Union Army

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The Gettysburg Address

• 1863
• a speech given at the dedication of the national
  cemetery at Gettysburg
• Lincoln described the war as a struggle to
  preserve a nation that was dedicated to the
  proposition that all men are created equal and
  that was ruled by a government, of the people,
  by the people, and for the people.
• Lincoln believed that the United States was one
  nation not a collection of sovereign states.

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Standard 7d

• There were both political and economic effects of
  the war and of Reconstruction.
• These included the Civil War Amendments to the
  Constitution.
• Unfortunately, the economic and political gains
  of former slaves proved to be temporary.

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What were the political effects of the war
Reconstruction?

• The Union prevailed, our country stayed together.
• Lincoln felt that Reconstruction was a matter of
  quickly restoring legitimate southern state
  governments that were loyal to the Union.
• Lincoln also felt it was important to heal the
  nation, that the federal government should not
  punish the south. (with malice towards none,
  charity for all)
• The Radical Republicans felt differently.

44
What happened after Lincoln was assassinated?

• April 14, 1865 only 5 days after Lees
  surrender
• this enabled Radical Republicans to influence the
  process of Reconstruction in a manner much more
  punitive towards the former Confederate states
• the states that seceded were not allowed back
  into the Union immediately, but were put under
  military occupation

45
What happened to African Americans during
Reconstruction?

• Radical Republicans believed in aggressively
  guaranteeing voting and other civil rights to
  African Americans.
• They clashed with President Johnson over the
  issue and eventually impeached him.
• There were three amendments passed regarding
  former slaves and African Americans.

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The Civil War Amendments

• 13th Amendment abolished slavery (FREE)
• 14th Amendment granted citizenship and equal
  protection (CITIZENS)
• 15th Amendment voting rights granted to African
  Americans (VOTE)

47
How did Reconstruction end?

• Reconstruction ended following the presidential
  election of 1876.
• In return for support from Southern Democrats in
  the electoral college vote, the Republicans
  agreed to end the military occupation of the
  South.
• This became known as the Compromise of 1877.
• It enabled former Confederates who controlled the
  Democratic Party to regain power.
• This marked the beginning of the Jim Crow Era.

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What was the economic impact of the war on the
South?

• The southern states were left embittered and
  devastated by the war.
• Farms, railroads and factories and been destroyed
  throughout the South.
• Confederate money was worthless.
• The source of labor was changed due to both the
  loss of life and the abolishment of slavery.
• The South would remain an agricultural-based
  economy and the poorest section of the nation for
  many decades.

49
What was the economic impact of the war on the
North?

• The North (and Midwest) emerged with strong and
  growing industrial economies.
• This laid the foundation for the
  industrialization of the nation and the emergence
  of the United States as a global economic power.
• The completion of the Transcontinental Railroad
  soon after the war intensified the westward
  movement of settlers into the states between the
  Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean.

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Standard 7e

• There was also a social impact of the war it
  was different for African Americans, the common
  soldier, and civilians on the home front.

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Social Impacts

• African Americans
• The Emancipation Proclamation allowed for the
  enlistment of African American soldiers.
• common soldiers
• Warfare often involved hand-to-hand combat.
• Wartime diaries and letters home record this
  harsh reality.
• After the war, especially in the South, soldiers
  returned home to find destroyed homes and
  poverty. Soldiers on both sides lived with
  permanent disabilities.
• women
• Managed homes and families with scarce resources
  and often faced poverty and hunger.
• They assumed new roles in agriculture, nursing,
  and war industries.

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Standard 7f

• The key leaders of the Civil War also made
  important postwar contributions.
• After the Civil War, both Robert E. Lee and
  Ulysses S. Grant urged reconciliation between the
  North and the South.
• Frederick Douglass became the leading spokesman
  for African Americans in the nation.

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What were their postwar contributions?

• Ulysses S. Grant
• Urged radical Republicans not to be harsh with
  former Confederates.
• Was elected president and served during most of
  Reconstruction.
• Advocated rights for the freedman.
• Opposed retribution directed at the defeated
  South.
• Robert E. Lee
• Urged Southerners to reconcile and rejoin the
  United States.
• Served as president of Washington College
  (Washington Lee University today).
• Emphasized the importance of education to the
  nations future.
• Frederick Douglass
• Supported full equality for African Americans.
• Advocated for the passage of the 14th and 15th
  Amendments.
• Encouraged federal government actions to protect
  the rights of freedmen in the South.
• Served as ambassador to Haiti and in the civil
  service.